first aid review Flashcards
when do neural tube defects occur and what causes them
when the neuropores fail to fuse in the 4th week. associated with low folic acid before conception and during pregnancy.
what does a neural tube defect associated with
elevated alpha fetal protein (AFP) in maternal serum and amniotic fluid. increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in amniotic fluid
spina bifida occulta is what
failure of bony spinal canal to close, but does not have a structural herniation. usually seen in the lower vertebra
is the dura in tact in spina bifida occulta
yes.
spina bifida occulta usually has what
tuft of hair or skin dimple a the level of the bony defect.
meningeocele is what
spinal defect in which the meningies herniate through, but not the chord.
meningiomyelocele is what
bony defect in the spinal canal in which the meningies and the spinal cord herniate through.
anencephaly is what and presents how
malformation of the anterior neural tube resulting in no forebrain and an open calvarium (frog-like appearance).
what does serum testing show for anencephaly
increased AFP, polyhydramnios (no swallowing centers in the brain), associated with maternal type I diabetes,
what decreases the risk for anencephaly
maternal folate supplementation
what is holoprosencephaly
failure of the left and right hemispheres to separate and usually occurs during weeks 5-6.
moderate forms have cleft lip and palate. severe with cyclopia.
what gene mutations are associated with holoprosencephaly
sonic hedgehog.
Chiari II
significant cerebellar tonsilar herniation through the foramen magnum. presents with acqueductal stenosis, hydrocephalus, tharacolumbar myelominigiocele that causes paralysis below the defect. dysphagia. arm weakness and syringomyelia and scoliosis also occur —more associated with chiari I. progressive hydrocephalus.
chiari I
syrinx is common due to significant displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum (>5mm) most common dermatomes affected are C8-T1. syringomyelia highly associated –cape-like bilateral loss of pain and temperature throughout. can cause hydrocephalus.
norepinephrine disease changes and location produced
increased anxiety and decreased in depression.
produced in the locus ceruleus in the pons
dopamine disease changes and location produced
increased in schizophrenia and decreased in Parkinson’s and depression.
produced in the ventral tegmentum and the substantia nigra (midbrain)
5-HT (serotonin) disease changes and location produced
decreased in anxiety and depression. produced in the raphe nucleus (pons)
Acetylcholine disease changes and location produced
decreased in Alzheimers and Huntington’s and increased during REM sleep.
produced basal nucleus of meynert
GABA disease changes and location produced
decreased in anxiety and Huntington’s
produced in the nucleus accumbens
what composes the limbic system
hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, fornix, mammillary bodies,
what is the limbic system for
the 5 F’s: feeling, fighting, fucking, fleeing, feeding.
what is the hypothalamus for
TAN HATS: Thirst and water balance, Adenohypophysis control (regulation of pituitary), Neurohypophysis, Hunger, Autonomic response, Temperature regulation, Sexual urges.
what does the posterior pituitary do
receives hypothalamic axonal projections from the supraoptic area (ADH) and oxytocin from the paraventricular nuclei.
way to remember huntingtons
CAG (repeats) Caudate loses ACh and GABA.