drugs

Question 1

what is the goal of glaucoma drugs

Answer 1

decreased intraocular pressure via decreasing the amount of aqueous humor production.

Question 2

what does epinephrine do for glaucoma

Answer 2

decreases the production of aqueous humor synthesis via vasoconstriction.

Question 3

When to not use epinephrine and why

Answer 3

in close-angle glaucoma. this will cause mydriasis and exacerbation

Question 4

brimonidine for glaucoma

Answer 4

decreased aqueous humor production

Question 5

what are the SE for brimonidine

Answer 5

blurry vision, ocular hyperremia, foreign body, pruritus or allergic reaction

Question 6

what beta blockers are used for glaucoma

Answer 6

timolol, betaxolol and carteolol

Question 7

How do the beta blockers work for glaucoma

Answer 7

reduce humor production.

Question 8

When using beta blockers for glaucoma are there pupillary or vision changes

Answer 8

None.

Question 9

what is the mechanism for acetazolamide in glaucoma

Answer 9

reduces production by inhibition of carbonic anhydrase

Question 10

what are the direct cholinometics and how do they work for glaucoma

Answer 10

pilocarpine and carbachol. they increase the outflow of humor via contraction of the colliery muscle and opening of the trabecular meshwork.

Question 11

what are the SE of the cholinometics

Answer 11

myosis and cyclospasm. contraction of the cilliary muscle.

Question 12

what are the indirect cholinometics and how do they work in glaucoma

Answer 12

physostigmine and echothiophate. physostigmine is used in emergencies and is very effective at opening of the canal of schlemm.

Question 13

what are the prostaglandin drugs for glaucoma

Answer 13

latanoprost. (PGF2alpha). increases the outflow of humor.

Question 14

what are the SE of latanoprost

Answer 14

darkens the color of the iris.

Question 15

what is tramadol and what is it used for

Answer 15

very weak opioid agonist, also inhibits serotonin and NE uptake. thesis for chronic pain.

Question 16

what are the SE of tramadol

Answer 16

decreases seizure threshold.

Question 17

what is phenytoin used for

Answer 17

focal simple and complex seizures; general tonic clonic seizures.

Question 18

what is first line therapy for general tonic clonic seizures

Answer 18

phenytoin, carbamezepine, valproic acid

Question 19

what is first line therapy for status epilepticus prophylaxis

Answer 19

phenytoin

Question 20

what is first line therapy for status epilepticus acute

Answer 20

benzodiazepines (lorazepam or diazepam)

Question 21

what is first line therapy for simple or complex partial seizures

Answer 21

carbamazepine

Question 22

what else is carbamazepine used for

Answer 22

first line therapy for trigeminal neuralgia.

Question 23

what are the therapies for simple or complex partial seizures,.

Answer 23

carbamazepine (1st line), phenytoin, lamotrigine, gabapentin, topiramate, phenobarbital, valproic acid, tiagabine, levetiracetam. j

Question 24

what are the therapies for general tonic clonic seizures

Answer 24

carbamazepine (first line), phenytoin (first line), valproic acid (first line), lamotrigine, gabapentin, topiramate, pehnobarbital, levetiracetam.

Question 25

what are the therapies for absence seizures

Answer 25

ethosuximide (first line), can also use valproic acid

Question 26

what is used for seizures of pregnancy

Answer 26

MgSO4

Question 27

what drug is used for migraine prevention

Answer 27

verapamil, topiramate, beta blockers

Question 28

what are the SE for the benzo

Answer 28

sedation, tolerance, dependence.

Question 29

what are the SE for carbamazepine

Answer 29

diplopia, ataxia, blood dycrasias, lover toxicity, teratogenesis, SIADH, SJS.

Question 30

what are the SE for ethosuximide

Answer 30

GI distress, fatigue, HA, urticaria, SJS

Question 31

what are the Se of the phenobarbs

Answer 31

sedation, tolerance, dependence, induction of cytochrome P450

Question 32

what are the SE for phenytoin

Answer 32

nystagmus, diplopia, ataxia, sedation, gingival hyperplasia, hisutism, megaloblastic anemia, teratogenesis, SLE-like, lymphadenopathy, SJS

Question 33

SE of valproic acid

Answer 33

Gi distress, hepatotoxicity, neural tube defects, tremor, weight gain,

Question 34

what are the SE off lemotrigine

Answer 34

SJS

Question 35

what are the SE of gaabpeitin

Answer 35

sedation and ataxia

Question 36

what are the SE of topiramate,

Answer 36

sedation, mental dulling, kidney stones, weight loss.

Question 37

what is succinylcholine

Answer 37

polarizing anesthetic strong ACh agonist. produces sustained depolarization and prevents muscle contraction.

Question 38

is there an antidote for succinylcholine

Answer 38

not in phase I, but yes in phase 2. lots of neostigmine.

Question 39

what are the complications of succinylchonline

Answer 39

malignant hyperthermia. Hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia

Question 40

what is tubocurarine

Answer 40

nondepolarizing competitive ACh antagonist.

Question 41

what drugs are similar to tubocurarine

Answer 41

atracurium, mivacurium, pancuronium, vecuronium, rocuronium,

Question 42

what is the antidote for tubocurarine

Answer 42

reversal of the blockade with neostigmine, edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors.

Question 43

what is the treatment of malignant hyperthermia

Answer 43

dantrolene

Question 44

what is dantrolene

Answer 44

prevents Ca release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, used for the treatment of malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

Question 45

what are the dopamine agonists and what are they used for

Answer 45

bromocriptine, pramipexole, ropinirole. used to treat parkinsons in someone under 70 or functioning

Question 46

what drugs can increase the availability of dopamine

Answer 46

amantidine and carb/levadopa.

Question 47

what can prevent the breakdown of dopamine

Answer 47

MOAi and COMTi such as selegeline (MAOBi), entacapone(COMTi), tolcapone (comt),

Question 48

what are the MAOBi

Answer 48

selegiline

Question 49

what are the COMTi

Answer 49

entacapone, tolcapone

Question 50

what can be used for the treatment of excess tremor and rigidity in Parkinsons

Answer 50

benztropine.

Question 51

what is memantine used for

Answer 51

NMDA receptor antagonist that helps prevent the excitotoxicity of Alzheimers

Question 52

what are the SE for memantine

Answer 52

hallucinations, dizziness and confusion.

Question 53

what acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are used for Alzheimers

Answer 53

donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine.

Question 54

what are the SE of the AChesterase inhibitors

Answer 54

dizziness, nausea and insomnia./

Question 55

why don't we use phenytoin in pregnancy

Answer 55

because it can cause fetal hydantoin disease

Question 56

what is fetal hydantoin

Answer 56

cleft lip and palate, short broad nose, malformed ears, microcephaly, wide-spaced eyes.

Question 57

serotonin syndrome may occur with combinations of what drugs?

Answer 57

MAOi, dextramorphan, SSRIs/SNRIs, TCAs, meperidine

Question 58

what causes lymphadenopathy, eosinophilia, truncal rash, and systemic syndromes

Answer 58

carbamazepine and phenytoin. DRESS syndrome

Question 59

what are the teratogenic effects of carbamazepine?

Answer 59

cleft palate, cardiac defects, neural tube defects, skeletal abnormalities. inhibits folate absorption

Question 60

what drugs can cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome and what is the cause

Answer 60

atypical antipsychotics, such as riperidone, or olanzapine. caused by antagonization of the D2 receptor.

Question 61

treatment for neuroleptic malignant sydnrome

Answer 61

dantrolene. bromocriptine, amantidine can all be used

Question 62

what is the treatment for shingles

Answer 62

oral acyclovir or valacyclovir