First Aid Immunology Flashcards
1
Q
long vascular channels in red pulp with “barrel hoop” basement membrane?
A
sinusoids of spleen
2
Q
where are t-cells found in spleen?
A
periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS) within white pulp
3
Q
Where are B-cells found in spleen?
A
follicles within white pulp
4
Q
Where are APCs and specialized B-cells found in spleen?
A
marginal zone between red and white pulp
5
Q
What organisms increase susceptibility to encapsulated organisms?
A
SHiNE SKiS Strep pneumoniae H flu Neisseria meningitidis E Coli Salmonella spp Klebsiella pneumoniae Strep (Group B Streptococci)
6
Q
site of t-cell differentiation and maturation
A
thymus
7
Q
what is thymus derived from?
A
third pharyngeal pouch.
lymphocytes of mesenchymal origin
8
Q
T-cells =
B-cells =
A
t-cells = thymus b-cells = bone marrow
9
Q
components of innate immunity
A
neuts macrophages monocytes dendritic cells NK cells
10
Q
components of adaptive immunity
A
t-cells
b-cells
circulation ab
11
Q
mechanism of adaptive immunity
A
variation
12
Q
mechanism of innate immunity
A
germline encoded
13
Q
resistance of innate immunity
A
persists through generations
14
Q
resistance of adaptive immunity
A
not heritable
15
Q
which is specific in it’s response to pathogens? innate or adaptive immunity?
A
adaptive
16
Q
secreted proteins of innate immunity
A
lysozyme, complement, c-reactive protein, defensins
17
Q
secreted proteins of adaptive immunity
A
immunoglobulins
18
Q
key features in pathogen recognition of innate immunity
A
TLRs (LPS and ssRNA)
19
Q
key features in pathogen recognition of adaptive immunity
A
memory cells (B and T cells)
20
Q
MHC I loci
A
HLA-A
HLA-B
HLA-C
21
Q
MHC II loci
A
HLA-DR
HLA-DP
HLA-DQ
22
Q
MHC I binding
A
TCR and CD8
23
Q
MHC II binding
A
TCR and CD4
24
Q
MHC I expression
A
expressed on all nucleated cells (not RBCs)
25
MHC II expression
expressed on APCs
26
function of MHC I
present endogenously synthesized antigens (viral proteins) to CD8 cytoxic T cells
27
function of MHC II
present exogenously synthesized antigens (bacterial proteins) to CD4 helper T cells
28
MHC I associated proteins
beta 2-microglobulin
29
MHC II associated proteins
invariant chain
30
Which HLA subtype is associated with hemachromatosis?
A3
31
Which HLA subtype is associated with the PAIR acronym?
B27
32
What is the acronym associated with the B27 HLA subtype?
```
PAIR
Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
arthritis of Inflamatory bowel disease
Reactive arthritis
```
33
Which HLA subtype is associated with celiac disease?
DQ2/DQ8
34
Which HLA subtype is associated with multiple sclerosis, hay fever, SLE, Goodpasture syndrome?
DR2
35
Which HLA subtype is associated with DM1, SLE, Graves dz, Hashimotos thyroiditis
DR3
36
Which HLA subtype is associated with rheumatoid arthritis and DM1
DR4
37
Which HLA subtype is associated with pernicious anemia, B12 deficiency, hashimotos?
DR5
38
There are 4 walls in a room (rheum)
rheumatoid arthritis is associated with DR4
39
What uses perforin and granzmes to induce apoptosis of virally infected cells and tumor cells.
Natural killer cells
40
What's activity is enhanced by IL-2, IL-12, IFN-alpha and IFN- beta?
natural killer cells
41
What are the major functions of B-cells?
- recognize antigen: undergo somatic hypermutation to optimize antigen specificity
- produce ab: differentiate into plasma cells to secrete specific immunoglobulins
- maintain immunologic memory
42
CD4 T-cell functions
help B cells make ab and produce cytokines to recruit phagocytes and activate other leukocytes
43
CD8 T-cell functions
directly kill virus infected cells
44
Rule of 8 in reference to T-cell functions
MHC II X CD4 = 8
| MHC I X CD8 = 8
45
Helper Th1 cells secrete
IFN-gamma
46
Helper Th2 cells secrete
IL-4
IL-5
IL-10
IL-13
47
What do Th1 help T cells do?
activate macrophages and cytotoxic T cells
48
What do Th2 help T cells do?
Recruit eosinophils for parasite defense and promote IgE production by B cells
49
What inhibits Th1 and Th2 cells?
IL-4 and IL-10 inhibit Th1
| TNF-gamma inhibits Th2
50
who has CD4, which binds to MHC II on APC?
Helper T-cells
51
kills virus-infected, neoplastic, and donor graft cells by inducing apoptosis
cytotoxic T cells
52
Have CD8 which binds to MHC I on virus-infected cells
cytotoxic T cells
53
help maintain specific immune tolerance by suppressing CD4 and CD8 T-cell effector functions and identified by expression of CD3, CD4, CD25, and FOXP3
regulatory T cells
54
APCs
B-cells
macrophages
dendritic cells
55
Fab (variable region on abtibody)
Fragment, antigen binding
56
Fc region of IgM and IgG fixes complement (CCCC)
```
Constant
Carboxyl terminal
Complement binding
Carbohydrate side chains
- determines isotope (IgM, IgD, etc)
```
57
opsonization
antibody promotes phagocytosis
58
neutralization
antibody prevents bacterial adherence
59
complement activation
ab activates complement, enhancing opsonization and lysis
60
What do mature B cells express?
IgM and IgD
61
isotope switching
gene rearangement mediated by cytokines and CD40L
| - switch into plasma cells that secrete IgA IgE or IgG
62
Most abundant isotope in serum
IgG
63
- prevents attachment of bacteria and viruses to mucous membranes
- produced in GI tract and protects against gut infections
- has secretory component
IgA
64
- produced in primary immediate response to an antigen
| - does not cross placenta
IgM
65
- binds mast cells and basophils
| - cross links when exposed to ag, mediating immediate type 1 hypersensitivity through release of histamine
IgE
66
Difference between thymus dependent and independent antigens
- thymus dependent contain protein component and there is class switching and immunologic memory
- independent lack peptide component and cannot be presented by MHC to T cells (need booster/adjuvant)
67
change in response to inflammation
produced in liver
induced by IL-6
acute phase reactants
68
coagulation factor that promotes endothelial repair
fibrinogen
69
prevents release of iron bound by ferritin (anemia of chronic disease)
hepcidin
70
opsonin: fixes complement and facilitates phagocytosis
| - measure of inflammation
C-reactive protein
71
binds and sequestered iron
ferritin
72
reduction conserves amino acids for positive reactants
albumin
73
internalized by macrophages to sequester iron
transferrin
74
what two acute phase reactants are negative/downregulated?
albumin and transferrin
75
system of hepatically made proteins that play a role in innate immunity and inflammation
- MAC protects against gram-neg bacteria
complement
76
activation of complement classic pathway
IgG or IgM mediated (GM makes classic cars)
77
functions of complement
* C3a, C4a, C5a - anaphylaxis (aaaa)
| * C3b - opsinization - binds bacteria (bbb)
78
complement disorders
C1 esterase inhibitor def: hereditary angioedema
C3 def: increased risk of severe pyogenic sinus and resp tract infections
C5-C9 def: recurrent neisseria
DAF def: causes complement-mediated lysis of RBCs
79
Hot-T-bone stEAK nemonic for IL's
```
IL-1: fever (hot)
IL-2: stimulates T-cells
IL-3: stimulates bone marrow
IL-4: stimulates IgE production
IL-5: stimulates IgA production
IL-6: stimulates aKute-phase protein
```
80
TNF-alpha
mediates septic shock
81
IL-12
Induces T cells into Th1 cells
82
IL-8
major chemotactic factor for neutrophils (clean up on isle 8)
83
INF-gamma
secreted by NK cells and stimulates macrophages to kill phagocytksed pathogens
84
IL-10
modulates inflammatory response
| attenuates immune response (10 and ten in attenuate)
85
activation of NADPH phagocyte and plays an important role in immune response release of ROS.
respiratory/oxidative burst
86
deficiency of NADPH oxidase
chronic granulomatous disease
| - increased risk of infxn by S. aureus, aspergillus
87
a part of innate host defense against RNA and DNA viruses
| act locally on uninfected cells, priming them for viral defense. Results in apoptosis, disrupting viral amplification
interferon alpha and beta
88
self surface protein MHC I presents on which cells
all nucleated cells (not mature RBCs)
