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Anderson Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

3 portions of urethra

A

prostatic
membranous
spongy

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2
Q

where is utricle

why is it significant?

A

in prostatic urethra

swells in prostate cancer

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3
Q

erectile tissues

A 
corpora cavernosa (2 erectile bodies)
corpus spongiosum (anti-erectile body to protect penile urethra during ejaculation)
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4
Q

what is one unit with glans

A

corpus spongeosum (cavernosa are separate)

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5
Q

what confluens in penile urethra?

A

vas deferens and seminal vessicles

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6
Q

what structures contribute to ejaculate?

A

vas deferens
seminal vessicle
bulbourethral glands

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7
Q

what cells make testosterone in testes

A

interstitial cells of ledig

in overies, interstitial cells make estrogen

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8
Q

what does 5 alpha reductase do?

A

testosterone into dihydrotestosterone

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9
Q

what do LH and FSH do in males?

A

LH to ledig cells to produce testosterone

FSH to sertoli cells to produce inhibin (negative feedback to LH production)

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10
Q

what do androgens do?

A

sexual differentiation

maintenance of connective tissue, bone, muscle

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11
Q

what is associated with seminoma later in life?

A

cryptorchidism (undescended testes)

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12
Q

epididymitis/orchitis

A

E. Coli, Chlamydia, GC, pseudamonas

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13
Q

bacterial prostatitis

A

chlamydia, GC, people who have been catheterized

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14
Q

prostate with Ca is
prostate with hyperplasia/bph
prostate with prostatitis

A

nodular
swollen
painful and swollen

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15
Q

myometrium

endometrium

A

myometrium is thick muscular layer on outside and endometrium is on the inside.

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16
Q

what types of HPV cause cervical CA

A

16, 18, 31, 33

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17
Q

physical finding of cervical ca

A

bleeding after intercourse due to friable cervix

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18
Q

role of estrogen and progesterone and their phase

A

estrogen is proliferative in follicular phase

progesterone is in luteal phase and maintain

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19
Q

chronic endometritis

A

PID
IUDs
TB
chlamydia

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20
Q

most common invasive cancer of female tract

A

uterine adenocarcinoma:
high estrogen
low progesterone
- DM, HTN, nulliparous

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21
Q

pathonemonic sign of uterine adenocarcinoma in post menopausal women

A

bleeding

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22
Q

PCOS is related to

A

insulin resistance in the body

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23
Q

PCOS (Stein-Leventhal Syndrome)

A

hyperprolactinemia, androgen excess, young women, menstrual disorders, inability to conceive, hirsuitism

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24
Q

bartholin vs skene gland

A

bartholin gland is lower in perivestibular area: bartholin cysts can get bigger because have place to grow

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25
bartholin cysts
``` local bacteria (e.coli, staph, strep) Can also be presenting sign of gonorrhea. ```
26
Gartner's Duct Cysts
common in lateral wall of vagina | Wolffian duct remnants
27
see clear cell adenocarcinoma in women who's mother took
DES
28
progesterone is
thermogenic, so temperature rises during luteal phase
29
what differentiates ovaries from testes
aromatase | - when you aromatize testosterone, it turns into progesterone
30
main estrogen type | type of estrogen during pregancy
17 beta estradiol | estrione
31
what are actions of progesterone
inhibits estrogen increases cervical mucus consistency stimulates growth of endometrium inhibits GnRH in CNS
32
average age of menopause
52 ovarian estrogen and progesterone decline FSH and LH rise adrenal hormone production dominates
33
benign breast conditions
congenital nipple inversion | glactocele
34
fibrocystic breast dz
excess estrogen solitary cysts that is freely movable painful changes with cycle
35
most common benign tumor of breast in women under 30
fibroadenoma upper outer quadrant solitary, discrete, freely movable
36
breast ca nodules
multinodular | don't change with menses
37
number 1 female cancer
carcinoma (breast cancer) mutation of BRCA 1 gene early menarche, late menopause, nulliparous
38
Paget's Disease of the Breast
Late stage infiltrating carcinoma causes inflammation of tissue on nipple older patients poor prognosis
39
when does sperm growth start?
puberty
40
what is the difference between sperm and ova primordial gamete cell to mature cells
spermatogenis: 1:4 oogenesis: 1:1
41
germinal epithelium is what type of tissue
cuboidal
42
how many chromosoms to spermatagonium have?
46
43
in spermatogenesis: 1st meiotic divison | 2nd meiotic division
23x and 23y spermatocytes | 23x 23x 23y 23y spermatids
44
where does spermatogenesis occur?
epididymis
45
oogensis primary oocyte is 1st mieotic division 2nd meitotic division
46xx 23x oocyte 23x mature oocyte
46
what type of cells nurse spermatids into full sperm?
sertoli cells
47
where is primary oocyte arrested in development until ovulation?
prophase
48
where is most common site of fertilization and also of ectopic pregnancy
ampulla
49
zygote is
first unicellular organism
50
1st stage of oogensis 2nd stage 3rd 4th
fertilization in ampulla 1st mitotic division zygote blastomere (2 cells) through morula formation (day 2-3) free blastocysts (day 4-5) implantation of blastocysts (day 5-6)
51
what is the morulla
when there are greater or = to 12 blastocysts inside
52
what do trophoblasts do?
help provide HcG to stimulate corpus luteum and increase progesterone
53
in what stage does implantation occur?
stage 4 when it is a blastocyst
54
neural crest cells
precursor for teeth, PNS, melanocytes/pigmentation, CT and bones of face and neck
55
neurulation
neural tube folding week 3
56
week 4
whole embryo starts to fold and you see body cavities
57
synctiotrphoblast
becomes placenta and is the thing that comes in contact with maternal circulation
58
FSH spike low
promotes growth of follicles spike: day 11-13 low: 4-5
59
LH | spike
follicular swelling and eruption stimulates granulosa cells to decrease estrogen and increase progesterone spike 12-13
60
blastocyst becomes
trophoblast : becomes synctioblast which becomes placenta | embryoblast: becomes epiblast or hypoblast
61
epiblast becomes what | hypoblast becomes
``` ectoderm or mesoderm or endoderm (gastrulation) prochondral plaste (cranium and mouth) ```
62
ectoderm becomes
``` neural crest cells post pituitary skin CNS PNS face adrenal medulla ```
63
mesoderm becomes
``` adrenal cortex muscle bone cartilage gonads heart blood kidneys ```
64
endoderm becomes
gut tube (GI) respiratory GU
65
week 4 pregnancy
folding embryo 4 heart chambers 4 limb buds
66
systems affected by teratogens that have longer windows
CNS eyes teeth external genitalia
67
systems affected by teratogens that have shorter windows
``` heart limbs palate neural tube ears ```
68
what is folic acid important for
closure of neural tube (spina bifid a) | cell division
69
what is estrogen like in puberty
low estrogen has negative feedback on hypothalamus (not enough GnRH)
70
what happens with estrogen feedback system at puberty
it becomes less sensitive to negative feedback and more sensitive to positive feedback increased hypothalamus production of GnRH more ant pit LH/FSH more gonads producing E/P
71
what does estrogen affect
external genitalia, breast development, fat distribution, bone mass, increased transport proteins
72
what does progesterone affect
corpus luteum, placenta, endometrial gland secretions, ligament laxity
73
layers of the adrenals
innder to outer: medulla produces catecholamines zona reticularis -> sex hormones zona fasiculata -> cortisol (glucocorticoid) zona glomerulosa -> adosterone (mineralcorticoid)
74
what do thyroid hormones affect
basal metabolic rate, brain maturation, bone growth, beta adronergic activity (increased HR SV, CO
75
thyroglobulin
holds onto thyroid hormones
76
tyrosine
helps with thyroid hormone uptake into plasma
77
antiporter for thyroid
sodium iodine (Na/K is most common Na transporter)
78
what is increased in Hashimotos
anti-thyroglobulin and anti-TPO
79
what is needed to help make deiodinase?
selenium | T4 to T3
80
ant pit provides | post pit provides
prolactin - milk production | oxytocin - milk release
81
purines | pyrimidines
purines: A,G, pyrimidines: U,T,C
82
nucleoside vs nucleotide
side: end in ine tide: end in ate
83
folic acid is cofactor for ___
purine biosynthesis | also involved in thymine for pyrimidines
84
purines -> xanthine is oxidized into
uric acid via xanthine oxidase
85
where can purines and pyrimidines be made
in liver (de novo synthesis)
86
transcription
RNA from DNA
87
replication
``` Primase (RNA strand synthezised) DNA polymerase (place holders) NDA ligase (connects ozaki fragments) ```
88
New DNA formed in a | old
5 to 3 prime (use ozaki fragments) | old DNA is 3 to 5
89
mRNA makes what in protein synthesis
copy
90
translation
formation of a protein
91
most somatic cells spend the majority of their lives in what phase?
interphase (G1, S, G2)
92
what does transcription factor bind to
TATA box (on promoter)
93
Mendelian disorders/gene mutations
deletion or insertion of nucleotide bases within a specific gene in a chromosome - point mutation: substitution of single nucleotide base - frameshift mutation: insertion or deletion o fone or two base pairs
94
examples of point mutations | examples of frameshift mutations
thalasemia or sickle cell disease | tay-sachs or cystic fibrosis
95
karyotype abnormalities
Klinefelter's: xxy Turners: less common (menopause before menarche) Trisomy 21 (47 chromosomes)
96
most common karyotype abnormality
Klinefelter's syndrome: extra x
97
autosomal dominant mendelian abnormalitites | autosomal recessive
vonWillebrands familiarl hypercholesterolemia | PKU, sickle cell, thalassemias, lysosomal storage
98
sex-linked recessive | sex-linked recessive
G6PD deficiency, hemophilia, fragile x syndrome | vitamin D deficient rickets (rare)

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