Anderson Reproductive Flashcards
3 portions of urethra
prostatic
membranous
spongy
where is utricle
why is it significant?
in prostatic urethra
swells in prostate cancer
erectile tissues
corpora cavernosa (2 erectile bodies) corpus spongiosum (anti-erectile body to protect penile urethra during ejaculation)
what is one unit with glans
corpus spongeosum (cavernosa are separate)
what confluens in penile urethra?
vas deferens and seminal vessicles
what structures contribute to ejaculate?
vas deferens
seminal vessicle
bulbourethral glands
what cells make testosterone in testes
interstitial cells of ledig
in overies, interstitial cells make estrogen
what does 5 alpha reductase do?
testosterone into dihydrotestosterone
what do LH and FSH do in males?
LH to ledig cells to produce testosterone
FSH to sertoli cells to produce inhibin (negative feedback to LH production)
what do androgens do?
sexual differentiation
maintenance of connective tissue, bone, muscle
what is associated with seminoma later in life?
cryptorchidism (undescended testes)
epididymitis/orchitis
E. Coli, Chlamydia, GC, pseudamonas
bacterial prostatitis
chlamydia, GC, people who have been catheterized
prostate with Ca is
prostate with hyperplasia/bph
prostate with prostatitis
nodular
swollen
painful and swollen
myometrium
endometrium
myometrium is thick muscular layer on outside and endometrium is on the inside.
what types of HPV cause cervical CA
16, 18, 31, 33
physical finding of cervical ca
bleeding after intercourse due to friable cervix
role of estrogen and progesterone and their phase
estrogen is proliferative in follicular phase
progesterone is in luteal phase and maintain
chronic endometritis
PID
IUDs
TB
chlamydia
most common invasive cancer of female tract
uterine adenocarcinoma:
high estrogen
low progesterone
- DM, HTN, nulliparous
pathonemonic sign of uterine adenocarcinoma in post menopausal women
bleeding
PCOS is related to
insulin resistance in the body
PCOS (Stein-Leventhal Syndrome)
hyperprolactinemia, androgen excess, young women, menstrual disorders, inability to conceive, hirsuitism
bartholin vs skene gland
bartholin gland is lower in perivestibular area: bartholin cysts can get bigger because have place to grow
bartholin cysts
local bacteria (e.coli, staph, strep) Can also be presenting sign of gonorrhea.
Gartner’s Duct Cysts
common in lateral wall of vagina
Wolffian duct remnants
see clear cell adenocarcinoma in women who’s mother took
DES
progesterone is
thermogenic, so temperature rises during luteal phase
what differentiates ovaries from testes
aromatase
- when you aromatize testosterone, it turns into progesterone
main estrogen type
type of estrogen during pregancy
17 beta estradiol
estrione
what are actions of progesterone
inhibits estrogen
increases cervical mucus consistency
stimulates growth of endometrium
inhibits GnRH in CNS
average age of menopause
52
ovarian estrogen and progesterone decline
FSH and LH rise
adrenal hormone production dominates
benign breast conditions
congenital nipple inversion
glactocele
fibrocystic breast dz
excess estrogen
solitary cysts that is freely movable
painful changes with cycle
most common benign tumor of breast in women under 30
fibroadenoma
upper outer quadrant
solitary, discrete, freely movable
breast ca nodules
multinodular
don’t change with menses
number 1 female cancer
carcinoma (breast cancer)
mutation of BRCA 1 gene
early menarche, late menopause, nulliparous
Paget’s Disease of the Breast
Late stage infiltrating carcinoma causes inflammation of tissue on nipple
older patients
poor prognosis
when does sperm growth start?
puberty
what is the difference between sperm and ova primordial gamete cell to mature cells
spermatogenis: 1:4
oogenesis: 1:1
germinal epithelium is what type of tissue
cuboidal
how many chromosoms to spermatagonium have?
46
in spermatogenesis: 1st meiotic divison
2nd meiotic division
23x and 23y spermatocytes
23x 23x 23y 23y spermatids
where does spermatogenesis occur?
epididymis
oogensis primary oocyte is
1st mieotic division
2nd meitotic division
46xx
23x oocyte
23x mature oocyte
what type of cells nurse spermatids into full sperm?
sertoli cells
where is primary oocyte arrested in development until ovulation?
prophase
where is most common site of fertilization and also of ectopic pregnancy
ampulla
zygote is
first unicellular organism
1st stage of oogensis
2nd stage
3rd
4th
fertilization in ampulla 1st mitotic division zygote
blastomere (2 cells) through morula formation (day 2-3)
free blastocysts (day 4-5)
implantation of blastocysts (day 5-6)
what is the morulla
when there are greater or = to 12 blastocysts inside
what do trophoblasts do?
help provide HcG to stimulate corpus luteum and increase progesterone
in what stage does implantation occur?
stage 4 when it is a blastocyst
neural crest cells
precursor for teeth, PNS, melanocytes/pigmentation, CT and bones of face and neck
neurulation
neural tube folding week 3
week 4
whole embryo starts to fold and you see body cavities
synctiotrphoblast
becomes placenta and is the thing that comes in contact with maternal circulation
FSH
spike
low
promotes growth of follicles
spike: day 11-13
low: 4-5
LH
spike
follicular swelling and eruption
stimulates granulosa cells to decrease estrogen and increase progesterone
spike 12-13
blastocyst becomes
trophoblast : becomes synctioblast which becomes placenta
embryoblast: becomes epiblast or hypoblast
epiblast becomes what
hypoblast becomes
ectoderm or mesoderm or endoderm (gastrulation) prochondral plaste (cranium and mouth)
ectoderm becomes
neural crest cells post pituitary skin CNS PNS face adrenal medulla
mesoderm becomes
adrenal cortex muscle bone cartilage gonads heart blood kidneys
endoderm becomes
gut tube (GI)
respiratory
GU
week 4 pregnancy
folding embryo
4 heart chambers
4 limb buds
systems affected by teratogens that have longer windows
CNS
eyes
teeth
external genitalia
systems affected by teratogens that have shorter windows
heart limbs palate neural tube ears
what is folic acid important for
closure of neural tube (spina bifid a)
cell division
what is estrogen like in puberty
low estrogen has negative feedback on hypothalamus (not enough GnRH)
what happens with estrogen feedback system at puberty
it becomes less sensitive to negative feedback and more sensitive to positive feedback
increased hypothalamus production of GnRH
more ant pit LH/FSH
more gonads producing E/P
what does estrogen affect
external genitalia, breast development, fat distribution, bone mass, increased transport proteins
what does progesterone affect
corpus luteum, placenta, endometrial gland secretions, ligament laxity
layers of the adrenals
innder to outer: medulla produces catecholamines
zona reticularis -> sex hormones
zona fasiculata -> cortisol (glucocorticoid)
zona glomerulosa -> adosterone (mineralcorticoid)
what do thyroid hormones affect
basal metabolic rate, brain maturation, bone growth, beta adronergic activity (increased HR SV, CO
thyroglobulin
holds onto thyroid hormones
tyrosine
helps with thyroid hormone uptake into plasma
antiporter for thyroid
sodium iodine (Na/K is most common Na transporter)
what is increased in Hashimotos
anti-thyroglobulin and anti-TPO
what is needed to help make deiodinase?
selenium
T4 to T3
ant pit provides
post pit provides
prolactin - milk production
oxytocin - milk release
purines
pyrimidines
purines: A,G,
pyrimidines: U,T,C
nucleoside vs nucleotide
side: end in ine
tide: end in ate
folic acid is cofactor for ___
purine biosynthesis
also involved in thymine for pyrimidines
purines -> xanthine is oxidized into
uric acid via xanthine oxidase
where can purines and pyrimidines be made
in liver (de novo synthesis)
transcription
RNA from DNA
replication
Primase (RNA strand synthezised) DNA polymerase (place holders) NDA ligase (connects ozaki fragments)
New DNA formed in a
old
5 to 3 prime (use ozaki fragments)
old DNA is 3 to 5
mRNA makes what in protein synthesis
copy
translation
formation of a protein
most somatic cells spend the majority of their lives in what phase?
interphase (G1, S, G2)
what does transcription factor bind to
TATA box (on promoter)
Mendelian disorders/gene mutations
deletion or insertion of nucleotide bases within a specific gene in a chromosome
- point mutation: substitution of single nucleotide base
- frameshift mutation: insertion or deletion o fone or two base pairs
examples of point mutations
examples of frameshift mutations
thalasemia or sickle cell disease
tay-sachs or cystic fibrosis
karyotype abnormalities
Klinefelter’s: xxy
Turners: less common (menopause before menarche)
Trisomy 21 (47 chromosomes)
most common karyotype abnormality
Klinefelter’s syndrome: extra x
autosomal dominant mendelian abnormalitites
autosomal recessive
vonWillebrands familiarl hypercholesterolemia
PKU, sickle cell, thalassemias, lysosomal storage
sex-linked recessive
sex-linked recessive
G6PD deficiency, hemophilia, fragile x syndrome
vitamin D deficient rickets (rare)
