First Aid Flashcards
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is typically caused by a defect in what collagen type?
What about the vascular subtype?
V; III
McCune-Albright syndrome is caused by a _____-activating mutation.
McCune-Albright syndrome is caused by a G<strong>s</strong>-activating mutation.
A patient goes into anaphylaxis following a blood transfusion. What do you suspect?
IgA deficiency
Job syndrome (hyper-____ syndrome) is characterized by cold abscesses, eczema, eosinophilia, and defects in ____________ chemotaxis.
Job syndrome (hyper-IgE syndrome) is characterized by cold abscesses, eczema, eosinophilia, and defects in neutrophil chemotaxis.
A patient presents with chest pain, ST depressions, and elevated troponins. What is the diagnosis?
NSTEMI
A patient presents with chest pain, ST depressions, and no increase in troponins. What is the diagnosis?
Angina
Osler nodes are caused by ____________, and Janeway lesions are caused by ____________.
Osler nodes are caused by immune complexes, and Janeway lesions are caused by septic emboli.
Painless jaundice is associated with what?
Pancreatic malignancy
A patient presents with jaundice and a palpable / distended / non-tender gallbladder.
What do you suspect?
Distal malignant obstruction (e.g., gallbladder adenocarcinoma)
(Courvoisier sign)
A patient presents with arthralgias, adenopathy, cardiac and neurological symptoms, and diarrhea.
What do you suspect?
Whipple disease (Tropheryma whipplei)
Severe jaundice in a neonate is likely the result of what?
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
(congenital, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
A patient presents with short stature, café-au-lait spots, and thumb/radial defects.
The patient is now presenting with S/Sy of leukemia.
What do you suspect?
Fanconi anemia
(genetic loss of DNA crosslink repair; often progresses to AML)
What is the name of a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma characterized by microabscesses and skin patches with atypical T cells?
Mycosis fungoides
What syndrome is characterized by mycosis fungoides plus malignant T cells in the blood?
Sézary syndrome
What are the S/Sy of Klüver-Bucy syndrome?
Hyperphagia
Hypersexuality
Hyperorality
What is the name of the benign vascular mark that is sometimes associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome?
Nevus flammeus
What are the S/Sy of Meniere disease?
Episodic vertigo
Tinnitus
Hearing loss
A patient presents with polyuria, renal tubular acidosis (type II), growth failure, and hypophosphatemic ricketts.
What do you suspect?
Fanconi syndrome
Describe the differences between renal tubular acidoses types I, II, and IV.
Which congenital immunodeficiency is characterized by large granules in phagocytes?
Chédiak-Higashi disease
(impaired phagolysosome formation)
Where are Negri bodies found in patients with rabies?
The cytoplasm of hippocampal and cerebellar neurons
Which tumors are associated with psammoma bodies?
Papillary thyroid carcinomas
Papillary serous carcinomas of the endometrium or ovary
Meningiomas
Mesotheliomas
What disease can result from granulomatous heart infections?
Rheumatic fever
A patient presents with alternating amplitude on ECG (electrical alternans).
What do you suspect?
Cardiac tamponade
Wilson disease is associated with _____ serum ceruloplasmin.
Wilson disease is associated with low serum ceruloplasmin.
What is the key factor causing idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura?
Antiplatelet antibodies
Which diseases are associated with MPO-ANCA / p-ANCA?
Microscopic polyangiitis
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Which diseases are associated with PR3-ANCA / c-ANCA?
Granulomatosis with polyangitis
What is the typical outcome/etiology of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance?
Consequence of aging
‘Smudged’ white blood cells in an older individual are an indication of what?
CLL
(typically B cell)
A ‘soap bubble’ lesion seen in an X-ray of the tibia or femur might be an indication of what?
A giant cell tumor (osteoclastoma)
(typically benign)
An ‘onion skin’ periosteal reaction might be an indication of what?
Ewing sarcoma
Pseudogout calcium pyrophosphate crystals are _______ birefringent and _________-shaped.
Pseudogout calcium pyrophosphate crystals are positively birefringent and rhomboid-shaped.
Which antibodies are indicators of SLE?
Antinuclear antibodies
(anti-Smith, anti-dsDNA)
Which antibodies are indicators of drug-induced SLE?
Anti-histone
What mnemonic is useful in remembering the drugs associated with drug-induced SLE?
It isn’t HIPP to do drugs.
Hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide
Which antibodies are indicators of diffuse scleroderma?
Anti-topoisomerase
What nephropathy appears as ‘tram-track’ lesions on light microscopy?
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
What nephropathy appears as ‘wire loop’ lesions on light microscopy?
Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis
(lupus)
What tumor type is a glomerulus-like structure with vessels and germ cells?
Yolk sac tumor (Schiller-Duval bodies)
What medication type is used for treating both hepatitis B and C?
IFN-alpha
Homer-Wright rosettes (circular grouping of dark cells around pale neurofibrils) are seen in what malignancies?
Neuroblastomas
Medulloblastomas
What medications are used in treating hepatitis C?
Ribavirin
Simeprevir
Sofosbuvir
(-vir-)
How are Toxoplasma gondii infections treated?
Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
What drugs are used to treat influenza?
Oseltamivir; zanamivir
(neuraminidase inhibitors)
What is the best medication category for treating isolated hypertriglyceridemia?
Fibrates
How is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus managed?
Hydrochlorothiazide
Indomethacin
Amiloride
How is SIADH managed?
Water restriction
IV hypertonic saline
Demeclocycline
Tolvaptan, conivaptan
How is diabetic ketoacidosis managed?
Fluids, insulin, K+
Is mesalamine (5-ASA preparation) used to treat ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease?
Ulcerative colitis
How are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia managed?
And the negative symptoms?
Typical or atypical antipsychotics
Atypical antipsychotics
What medications are used to treat idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension?
Bosentan
Sildenafil
Epoprostenol
What is the most common helminthic infection in the U.S.?
Enterobius vermicularis
Name two exotoxin-mediated etiologies of food poisoning.
- S. aureus*
- B. cereus*
What is the most common etiology of osteomyelitis in a patient with sickle cell anemia?
Salmonella
True/False.
Patients with C. trachomitis are typically coinfected with N. gonorrhoeae.
True.
Name three causes of holosystolic murmurs.
VSD
TR
MR
Marfan syndrome is associated with aortic aneurysms in what aortic section?
Thoracic
Which are the culture-negative causes of endocarditis?
Coxiella, Bartonella, HACEK
What are the most common sources of metastases to the brain?
Lung > breast > melanoma/colon/kidney
What are the most common sources of metastases to the liver?
Colon >> stomach > pancreas
What are the most common sources of metastases to the bone?
Prostate/breast > kidney/thyroid/lung
Are neuroblastomas typically benign or malignant?
Are pheochromocytomas typically benign or malignant?
Malignant
Benign
What is the most common cause of esophageal cancer worldwide?
And in the U.S.?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
What is a Cushing ulcer?
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
(Increased ICP –> Increased vagal stimulation)
What is a Curling ulcer?
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
(Greatly reduced plasma volume –> gastric mucosal sloughing)
What diseases are associated with autosplenectomy (with spleen fibrosis and atrophy)?
Sickle cell disease
What is the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis in children?
Cystic fibrosis
What is the cause of Bernard-Soulier syndrome?
GpIb deficiency
Which has a normal platelet count, Glanzmann thrombasthenia or Bernard-Soulier syndrome?
Glanzmann thrombasthenia
Burkitt lymphoma (t;___,___) is associated with _____ production.
Burkitt lymphoma (t;8,14) is associated with c-Myc production.
What is the typical cause of death in patients with CML?
Blast crisis
What is the typical cause of death in patients with SLE?
Lupus nephropathy
What are the most common primary brain tumors in adults?
Astrocytomas (e.g., GM)
Meningiomas
Schwannomas
What are the most common primary brain tumors in children?
If infratentorial: Medulloblastomas (cerebellum)
If supratentorial: Craniopharyingiomas
What are the characteristics of ALS?
Mixed UMN-LMN degeneration
(no sensory component)
What is the most common cause of primary amenorrhea?
Turner syndrome
A patient has hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia.
What do you suspect?
Kallman syndrome
True/False.
Placental alkaline phosphatase is often elevated in patients with testicular tumors (e.g., seminomas).
True.
Which urinary stones are radiopaque?
Calcium, struvite, cysteine (faintly)
Which urinary stones are radiolucent?
Uric acid
Name some medications used for migraine prophylaxis.
Beta blockers, topiramate, CCBs, amitriptyline
Name some medications used for migraine treatment.
Sumatriptan, NSAIDs
Name some medications used for treating alcoholism.
Disulfiram, acamprosate, naltrexone
Which alpha-2 agonists are indicated for ADHD treatment?
Guanfacine, clonidine
Name some medications used for managing tonic-clonic seizures.
L-PVC
(Use ‘el PVC’ to fix the leaky brain!)
Levetiracetam, phenytoin, valproate, carbamazepine
What is febuxostat?
A xanthine oxidase inhibitor (like allopurinol)
Are probenecid and pegloticase used for treating acute gout or chronic gout?
Chronic
How is volume of distribution calculated?
Total drug in body / plasma [drug]
How is half-life calculated?
0.7 * volume of distribution / clearance rate
How is drug clearance calculated?
Rateelimination * plasma [drug]
How is loading dose calculated?
Target steady-state [drug] * volumedistribution / bioavailability
Cp * Vd / F
How is maintenance dose calculated?
Target steady-state [drug] * clearance * half-life / bioavailability
Cp * CL * t / F
What is attributable risk?
What is absolute risk reduction?
What is relative risk reduction?
a/a+b - c/c+d
c/c+d - a/a+b
1 - RR
How is renal blood flow calculated?
RBF = RPF / (1 - hematocrit)
What does Paco minus peco over paco tell us (multiply by tidal volume)?
Dead space
What is the alveolar gas equation?
Pao2 = Pio2 - Paco2 / R
What is Winter’s formula?
PCO2 = 1.5[HCO3-] + 8 +or- 2
How is an anion gap calculated?
Na+ - (Cl- + HCO3-)
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation (used for calculating the extracellular pH)?
pH = 6.1 + log [HCO3-] / 0.03 * PCO2
