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S1 - Selected Review > Antimicrobial Mechanisms > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

In what suffix do fluoroquinolones end?

A

‘-floxacin’

(e.g. ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin)

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2
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

In what suffix do aminoglycosides end?

A

‘-mycin’

(e.g. gentamycin, tobramycin, streptomycin)

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3
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

In what suffix do macrolides end?

A

‘-mycin’

(e.g. azithromycin, clarithromycin,erythromycin)

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4
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

Identify which of the following are aminoglycosides and which are macrolides:

  • Erythromycin*
  • Gentamycin*
  • Neomycin*
  • Azithromycin*
  • Tobramycin*
  • Clarithromycin*
  • Amikacin*
A

Identify which of the following are aminoglycosides and which are macrolides:

Erythromycin (macrolide)

(aminoglycoside) Gentamycin

(aminoglycoside) Neomycin

Azithromycin (macrolide)

(aminoglycoside) Tobramycin

Clarithromycin (macrolide)

(aminoglycoside) Amikacin

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5
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

Name three macrolides.

A

CEA

Clarithromycin

Erythromycin

Azithromycin

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6
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action do penicillins use?

A

Blocks transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan;

also activates autolytic enzymes

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7
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What is another name for penicillin-binding proteins?

A

Transpeptidases

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8
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

Penicillins are beta-lactam structural analogs of what?

A

D-Ala-D-Ala

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9
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

How is penicillin G administered?

A

IV or IM

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10
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

How is penicillin V administered?

A

Oral

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11
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action do cephalosporins use?

A

Beta-lactam structure that inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linking

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12
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action do carbapenems use?

A

Beta-lactam structure that inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linking

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13
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action do monobactams use?

A

Beta-lactam structure that inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linking

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14
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

Name a monobactam.

A

Aztreonam

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15
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action does vancomycin use?

A

Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis

(by binding D-Ala-D-Ala precursors)

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16
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action does bacitracin use?

A

Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis

(by binding D-Ala-D-Ala precursors)

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17
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action do aminoglycosides use?

A

30S inhibition

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18
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action do tetracyclines use?

A

30S inhibition

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19
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action does cloramphenicol use?

A

50S inhibition

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20
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action do macrolides use?

A

50S inhibition

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21
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

Name some macrolides.

A

Erythromycin, clindamycin, azithromycin

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22
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action does linezolid use?

A

50S inhibition

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23
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mnemonic is useful in describing which antibiotics are 30S inhibitors and which are 50S inhibitors?

A

“Buy AT 30, CCEL at 50.”

  • (30S inhibition: aminoglycosides, tetracyclines*
  • 50S inhibition: cloramphenicol, clindamycin. erythromycin, linezolid)*
24
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action do streptogramins (quinupristin, dalfopristin) use?

A

50S inhibition

25
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action do fluoroquinolones use?

A

DNA gyrase inhibition

26
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin are what type of drug?

A

Fluoroquinolones

27
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action does linezolid use?

A

50S inhibition

28
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action do polymyxins use?

A

Disrupt gram-negative cell membranes

29
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action does daptomycin use?

A

Disrupt gram-positive cell membranes

30
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action does metronidazole use?

A

Generation of free radicals which damage the bacterial DNA

31
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action does rifampin use?

A

RNA polymerase inhibition

32
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action does trimethoprim use?

A

Dihydrofolate reductase inhibition

(reduction in folate synthesis)

33
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action do sulfonamides use?

A

Dihydropterate reductase inhibition

(reduction in folate synthesis)

34
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What mechanism of action does dapsone use?

A

Dihydropterate reductase inhibition

(reduction in folate synthesis)

35
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

Name three penicillinase-sensitive penicillins.

A

Penicillin G or V

Ampicillin

Amoxicillin

36
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

Name three penicillinase-resistant penicillins.

A

Oxacillin

Nafcillin

Dicloxacillin

37
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

Name two antipseudomonal penicillins.

A

Ticarcillin

Piperacillin

38
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

Cefazolin is a ____-generation cephalosporin.

A

Cefazolin is a 1st -generation cephalosporin.

39
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

Cefoxitin is a ____-generation cephalosporin.

A

Cefoxitin is a 2nd -generation cephalosporin.

40
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

Ceftriaxone is a ____-generation cephalosporin.

A

Ceftriaxone is a 3rd -generation cephalosporin.

41
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

Cefepime is a ____-generation cephalosporin.

A

Cefepime is a 4th -generation cephalosporin.

42
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

Ceftaroline is a ____-generation cephalosporin.

A

Ceftaroline is a 5th -generation cephalosporin.

43
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

Name a few carbapenems.

A

Imipenem

Meropenem

Ertapenem

Doripenem

44
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What are clavulinic acid, avibactam, sulbactam, and tazobactam?

A

Beta-penicillinase inhibitors

45
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

You order amoxicillin for a patient and also want to administer a beta-lactamase inhibitor. What do you choose?

A

Amoxicillin-Clavulanate

46
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

You order ceftazidime for a patient and also want to administer a beta-lactamase inhibitor. What do you choose?

A

Ceftazidime-Avibactam

47
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

You order ampicillin for a patient and also want to administer a beta-lactamase inhibitor. What do you choose?

A

Ampicillin-Sulbactam

48
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

You order piperacillin for a patient and also want to administer a beta-lactamase inhibitor. What do you choose?

A

Piperacillin-Tazobactam

49
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

You order imipenem for a patient. What should always be administered with imipenem?

A

Cilastatin

(to prevent inactivation of imipenem in the renal tubules)

50
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What cell adaptations can cause resistance to penicillin G or penicillin V?

A

Beta-lactamases

Mutations in penicillin-binding proteins

51
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What cell adaptations can cause resistance to cephalosporins?

A

Cephalosporinases (a type of beta-lactamase)

Mutations in protein-binding proteins

52
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What cell adaptations can cause resistance to vancomycin?

A

Mutations of D-Ala-D-Ala to D-Ala-D-Lac

53
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What cell adaptations can cause resistance to tetracyclines?

A

Plasmid-encoded transport pumps

(decreasing uptake or increasing efflux)

54
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What cell adaptations can cause resistance to fluoroquinolones?

A

Mutations in DNA gyrase

Efflux pumps

55
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What cell adaptations can cause resistance to macrolides?

A

Methylation of 23S rRNA-binding site

56
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

Which penicillins are penicillinase-sensitive?

A

The aminopenicillins

(ampicillin, amoxicillin)

57
Q

First Aid Antimicrobials

What is the main difference between ampicillin and amoxicillin?

A

Amoxicillin has a higher oral bioavailability

S1 - Selected Review (14 decks)

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