Fire Safety Flashcards

1
Q

Can you tell me about the Fire Safety (England) Regulations 2022?

A
  • Regulations introduced under article 24 of the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005, to implement recommendations made as part of the Grenfell Tower Inquiry (Phase 1).
  • The Government’s Fire Safety Consultation ran from July to October 2020. This included proposals to implement the inquiry’s recommendations in a practical way. The FSER 2022 were then made to bring the changes into force.
  • The regulations sit alongside the Fire Safety Act 2021 amendments to the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005
  • The regulations impose new duties on the Responsible Person of multi-occupied residential buildings. The extent of the duties varies depending on the height of the building.
  • Responsible persons of high-rise blocks of flats are to provide information to Fire and Rescue Services to assist them to plan and, if needed, provide an effective operational response.
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2
Q

When did the Fire Safety (England) Regulations 2022 come into force?

A

23 January 2023.

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3
Q

What buildings do the Fire Safety (England) Regulations 2022 apply to?

A
  • These Regulations apply to all buildings in England that comprise two or more domestic premises (including the residential parts of mixed-use buildings).
  • These buildings are, principally, blocks of flats (whether purpose-built or converted from another types of building, such as a house or office building), but also include blocks used for student accommodation.
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4
Q

What parts of buildings do the Fire Safety (England) Regulations 2022 apply to?

A
  • Parts of the building that are used in common by the residents of two or more domestic premises (e.g. communal corridors and stairways)
  • Flat entrance doors
  • The walls and floors that separate any domestic premises from other domestic premises, plant rooms, etc. or from parts of the building that are used in common by the occupants of two or more domestic premises
  • Plant rooms and other non-domestic areas of the building, such as tenant halls, offices, laundries, gymnasia and commercial premises
  • External walls of the building, including doors or windows within an external wall, and attachments to an external wall (e.g. balconies)
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5
Q

Who enforces the Fire Safety (England) Regulations 2022?

A

The Fire and Rescue Authority (FRA).

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6
Q

How do the FSE regulations apply to different buildings?

A
  • In all multi-occupied residential buildings (building with two or more sets of domestic premises), the regulations require Responsible Persons to provide residents with fire safety instructions (reporting and fire and evacuation strategy) and information on the importance of fire doors (keep fire doors shut, no tampering with self-closers and the requirement to report faults or damage to fire doors immediately to the Responsible Person).
  • Fire doors – (buildings of 11m in height – typically 5 storeys or more) - Undertake annual checks of flat entrance doors and quarterly checks of all fire doors in the common parts.

In higher risk (18m or 7 storeys and above) buildings, additional information is required, including:

  • Building plans – Electronic copies to be issued to Fire Service and hard copies kept in the secure information box on site.
  • External wall systems – Provide Fire Service with information about the design and materials used and to inform of any material changes.
  • Lifts and fire fighting equipment - Monthly checks of lifts intended to be used by fire service and other key pieces of fire fighting equipment. If a fault within any equipment cannot be rectified within 24 hours, the local fire and rescue service must be notified electronically.
  • Secure information box – To be kept and maintained on site, with hard copies of building plans and the name and contact details of responsible persons. To be inspected annually to ensure the information is accurate and the box is secure and accessible to the fire and rescue service.
  • Wayfinding signage - To install signage visible in low light or smoky conditions that identifies flat and floor numbers in the stairwells of relevant buildings.
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7
Q

What is the definition of a Responsible Person?

A
  • The responsible person is the person who is responsible for the safety of themselves and others who use a regulated premises.
  • Anyone who has a degree of control over certain areas within a premises, for example landlords, tenants, occupiers, employers and managers. The Responsible Person is the person on whom most of the duties set out in the Fire Safety Order are imposed.
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8
Q

What is Article 24?

A

Article 24 under the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 implements recommendations made within the Grenfell Tower Inquiry Phase 1 report.

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9
Q

What categories of buildings does Article 24 apply to?

A
  • High-rise residential buildings (18m or 7 storeys).
  • Residential buildings with storeys over 11 metres in height.
  • All multi-occupied residential buildings with two or more sets of domestic premises.
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10
Q

What do the regulations require under law require responsible persons to do regarding higher risk buildings?

A

These regulations will make it a requirement in law for responsible persons of high rise residential buildings of 18m in height, or at least 7 storeys, containing 2 or more domestic dwellings, to provide information to Fire and Rescue Services. The information is intended to help them plan and, if needed, provide an effective operational response.

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11
Q

What is the Fire Safety Act 2021?

A
  • The Act came into force on 16 May 2022 and amends and extends the Regulatory (Fire Safety) Reform Order 2005, increasing obligations of Responsible Persons, specifically for domestic premises.
  • The Act was put in place to improve fire safety in multi-occupied domestic premises following Grenfell in 2017.
  • The Act requires Responsible Persons of multi-occupied residential buildings with two or more sets of domestic premises to update their fire risk assessment to include an assessment of the building’s structure, external walls and flat entrance doors.
  • The Act allows the fire and rescue service to enforce against non-compliance in relation to external walls and individual doors opening onto common parts of multi-occupied residential premises.
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12
Q

What is the Building Safety Act 2022?

A
  • Received Royal Assent on 28th April 2022.
  • The Act builds on the recommendations made by Dame Judith Hackitt following the Grenfell Tower fire in 2017.
  • Applies to all building projects where Building Regulations apply.
  • The Act is intended to deliver the fundamental reform of the building safety system called for in Dame Judith Hackitt’s Independent Review of Building Regulations.
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13
Q

What is the Building Safety Regulator?

A
  • The Building Safety Regulator (BSR) is the Building Control Authority for all higher risk buildings in England (at least 18m or 7 storeys with 2 or more residential units, as well as hospitals and care homes that meet the same height threshold).
  • The role of the BSR is undertaken by the HSE.
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14
Q

Who is the Accountable Person?

A

The Accountable Person (AP) is a new role (distinguished from the Responsible Person under the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005) for residential high-rise buildings (HRBs). This will be the organisation or person who owns or has responsibility for the building. It may also be an organisation or person who is responsible for maintaining the common parts of a building, for example corridors or lobbies.

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15
Q

How does the BSA affect the role of Building Control Officers / Approved Inspectors?

A
  • The Building Safety Act 2022 provides for Registered Building Control Approvers to take over from approved inspectors.
  • Building control companies and approved inspectors to register by October 2023.
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16
Q

What are the three gateways under the Building Safety Act 2022 applicable to higher risk buildings?

A

Gateway one – at the planning application stage

  • Applicants are to provide a fire statement along with a fire strategy document – this will need to be produced by a fire engineer.

Gateway two – before building work starts (applies to both new-build and refurbishment).

  • Gateway three – when building work is completed (prior to occupation).
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17
Q

What is the golden thread of information?

A
  • The BSA 2022 includes provisions to require the creation and maintenance of a golden thread of information. The intention is to ensure that the right people have the right information at the right time to ensure buildings are safe, and building safety risks are managed throughout the building’s lifecycle.
  • This information will ensure that the original design intent and any subsequent changes to the building are captured, preserved and used to support safety improvements.
  • For new builds, the dutyholders must start to collect this information during the design and construction process. Once construction is complete, the information must be handed over to the new building owner. This information will be managed by the Accountable Person during occupation.

The golden thread is mandatory to ensure a building’s safety. It must be:

  • kept digitally
  • kept securely
  • a single source of truth for the building
  • available to people who need the information to satisfy their legal duties
  • available when people need the information
  • presented in a way that people can use.
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18
Q

What must a Principal Accountable Person do by 1st October 2023?

A
  • All higher-risk residential buildings in England will need to have been registered with the Building Safety Regulator by 1 October 2023. The Principal Accountable Person (covered by the changes to the RRO) are required to do this. The principal accountable person is usually an organisation but can be an individual in limited circumstances.
  • Care homes and hospitals are not classed as HRB’s during occupation and therefore are not required to be registered.
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19
Q

Do you know why Article 24 in the regulations is important?

A

Regulations made under article 24 can impose requirements on responsible persons or others, including building owners and building managers, in relation to mitigating the risk to residents for specific premises.

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20
Q

How can fires start and spread within buildings?

A
  • Three things are required for a fire to start – an ignition point (e.g. faulty electrical equipment), a fuel source (e.g. the actual appliance and material around it) and lastly oxygen (which in most instances we cannot avoid). These three elements make up what is known as the ‘fire triangle’.
  • Fires can spread due to the omission of or poorly installed fire stopping e.g. sealing around penetrations through fire compartments, cavity barriers.
  • The use of combustible materials.
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21
Q

How can fires be contained by the structure or layout of buildings?

A

Compartmentation.

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22
Q

How may you prevent fires from spreading in a property?

A

Ensure adequate compartmentation.

23
Q

What methods of fire suppression are there?

A
  • Sprinklers.
  • Gas systems.
  • Wet chemical foam systems for kitchens
  • Water mist systems
  • Foam deluge systems
  • Pneumatic heat detection tubes
24
Q

What methods of detection are there?

A
25
Q

What are the minimum requirements under ADB V1 for fire/smoke detection in dwellings?

A

Dwellings should be provided with an alarm system to at least Grade D, Category LD3 – the installation of mains powered alarms with an integral back‑up power supply within the escape routes of the property (i.e. hallways and landings). There should be at least one smoke alarm on every storey.

26
Q

Do you need a heat sensor in a kitchen of a house?

A

Building Regulations require a heat alarm to be installed in any kitchen areas where the kitchen is not separated from the circulation space or stairway by a door.

27
Q

How can structural components of a building be protected from fires?

A
  • Use of intumescent coatings or sprays – the coating, spray or paint will expand when exposed to high temperatures (around 250 degrees), extending the length of time in which that component is protected for.
  • Use of fire rated plasterboard around structural columns and beams.
28
Q

What are the maximum gaps around fire doors?

A

No more than 4mm, except to the bottom of a door (as small as practicable).

29
Q

What is the difference between passive and active fire protection?

A
  • Passive fire protection – structural and design elements which are used to control and contain fires (use of compartmentation, fire resistant materials, cavity barriers, fire doors etc.)
  • Active fire protection – Used to defect and supress fires (fire detection, suppression (sprinklers, extinguishers, hoses etc.), ventilation (AOV) and evacuation).
30
Q

What is typically included within a building fire strategy and how often should they be updated?

A
  • Means of warning and escape.
  • Passive fire protection.
  • Protection against external fire spread.
  • Fire and rescue services access and facilities.
  • Fire safety management measures (evacuation strategies and training, checks of fire doors etc.)
  • Fire strategies should be updated any time alterations are made to a building and routine reviews should be undertaken annually.
31
Q

Who should produce a fire strategy for a building?

A

A qualified and accredited fire assessor or chartered fire engineer.

32
Q

What part of the Building Regulations stipulates the need for a fire strategy?

A

Regulation 38.

33
Q

What are the Approved Documents in relation to fire safety?

A
  • Approved Document B – Volume 1 – Dwellings
  • Approved Document B – Volume 2 – Buildings other than dwellings
34
Q

What is the new guidance for second staircases?

A

Second staircases are required for all new buildings that are 18m or taller (high rise).

35
Q

What do you understand about the Hackitt Report?

A

Independent review of Building Regulations and fire safety – report by Dame Judith Hackitt published in 2018 set out 50 recommendations for improvements.

36
Q

What are the main difference between HRB and non-HRB projects?

A
  • Non-HRB projects are not subject to regulation by the BSR.
  • Building Control Authority not prescribed for non-HRB projects.
  • Gateways do not apply to non-HRB projects,
  • No requirement to produce a set of prescribed documents or arrange and manage an electronic facility (golden thread) for non-HRB projects.
  • Competency requirements are less onerous for non-HRB projects.
37
Q

What is the dutyholder regime under the BSA 2022?

A
  • The dutyholder requirements apply to any work which Building Regulations apply to.
  • Additional requirements for HRB’s.
  • The purpose of the regime is to implement the recommendations of the Hackitt Review – setting out of dutyholder roles and responsibilities.
38
Q

Who are the dutyholders under the BSA?

A
  • Client
  • Designers
  • PD
  • Contractors
  • PC
39
Q

What is the difference in roles between the BSA and CDM?

A
  • BSA focuses on whether the design and construction complies with Building Regulations.
  • CDM focuses on health and safety requirements.
  • The same parties can undertake the same roles (PD/PC) – the key question is competence (is the PD actually a competent designer or just a BS? They MUST be a designer)
40
Q

What are the dutyholder requirements under the BSA?

A
  • Plan, manage and monitor work to ensure compliance with the Building Regulations.
  • Co-operate with other dutyholders.
  • Ensure employees, design team and supply chain are competent.
41
Q

What should you consider when selecting parties to contribute towards a project (designers, contractors etc.)?

A

Whether they are competent and how they are going to evidence that competence (in writing).

42
Q

What must a PC provide to the client following completion of a project?

A
  • They must provide a written document (no later than 28 days after their appointment/the works are complete) explaining the arrangements they have put in place to fulfil its duties.
  • Essentially a certificate of compliance. This should also show how any sub-contractors and consultants engaged within the project are competent.
43
Q

What must a PD (Building Regulations) provide to the client at the end of a project?

A

No later than 28 days after their appointment ends (project ends) a written statement outlining how they have fulfilled their duties as principal designer.

44
Q

How can dutyholders demonstrate their competence (individual and organisational)?

A
  • Membership of a professional body.
  • Portfolio of work experience.
  • Completion of formal training.
  • Management systems and processes.
  • Policies
  • Capability of staff – skills, knowledge, experience, behaviours (training)
45
Q

Who can undertake the Building Control role for non-HRBs?

A

Local Authority Building Control

  • Application with full plans/building notice.
  • No list of prescribed documents (must include details of proposed client, PD and PC).
  • 5 weeks for LABC to determine application.

Registered Building Control Approvers (replace approved inspectors)

  • Initial notice submitted to LABC (jointly by applicant and approver).
  • Notice deemed approved unless rejected within 5 days.
46
Q

What are the requirements at the end of a project regarding building control?

A
  • The client must certify in writing that the works comply with the competency requirements, Building Regulations.
  • RBCA issues a final certificate to the LA on completion.
  • Notice of rejection must be given by LA within 10 working days.
  • If LABC used, they must be notified within 5 days of completion of works.
  • 8 weeks for LABC to determine whether all requirements have been met before issuing of final certificate.
47
Q

What does ACM stand for in the context of cladding?

A

Aluminium composite material.

48
Q

How might you identify the type of cladding used on a building during an inspection?

A

• Feeling and tapping cladding material can be a useful way to identify lookalike materials such as brick-effect render, EWIS, textured GRP panels or fibre cement panels with a wood finish.

• The edges of the panels indicate whether it is a solid or a composite material. The colour of the core visible along the edge may sometimes indicate the physical and performance characteristics of the panel too.

• The size and thickness of panels can also be an indicator. Large but thin ceramic or stone cladding panels are usually lighter composites as opposed to solid panels.

• Inspect the cladding and identify any gaps or penetrations that may allow for an examination of the internal parts of a cladding system.

• Exposed insulated cores of composite panels or edge details may indicate combustible materials.

• Some materials have only been available in the last decade or two, such as ACM with flammable (PE) cores and metal insulated panels with mineral wool cores.

49
Q

What is ACM cladding?

A

ACM cladding consist of two skins of aluminium bonded to either side of a lightweight core of materials such as polyethylene (PE), profiled metal honeycomb ,or a mineral core.

50
Q

What was the core insulation material used within the ACM panels for the Grenfell Tower?

A

Polyethylene (PE) insulation was used.

During a fire, panels with a PE core can delaminate, causing the flammable core material to ignite, which in turn will flame uncontrollably.

51
Q

What were the risks associated with the cladding system used on the Grenfell Tower?

A
  • ACM cladding panels with a PE (flammable) core.
  • Rainscreen cladding system, which allows for a cavity between the cladding panels and outer face of a building, which can exacerbate the spread of fire due to a ‘chimney effect’, if cavity barriers are not used.
52
Q

What were the main reasons for the spread of fire at Grenfell Tower?

A
  • Changes to the walls of the tower made during the refurbishment meant it was in breach of Regulation B(4), which requires the external walls of a building to “adequately resist the spread of flame”
  • The aluminium composite material (ACM) cladding panels was the “primary cause” of fire spread up the tower
  • Flaws in the design of the kitchen window in Flat 16 allowed an “ordinary” and “perfectly foreseeable” kitchen fire to escape the room and ignite the cladding
  • The building suffered a “total failure of compartmentation”, with missing self-closers on fire doors a crucial contributing factor
53
Q

What are the two main types of smoke alarm?

A
  • Ionization smoke alarms
  • Optical smoke alarms