Findings & Conclusion Flashcards
Findings of Andrade
In doodling condition:
1. mean number of shaded shapes on printed sheet: 36.3
2. range: 3-110
3. participants correctly recalled a mean of 7.8 of the 8 partygoers’ names
4. 1 person made 1 false alarm
5. recalled mean of 7.5 names and places, 29% more than mean of control group
In control condition:
1. no participants doodled spontaneously
2. participants correctly recalled a mean of 7.1 of the 8 partygoers’ names
3. 5 people made a false alarm
4. participants recalled names (5.1) much better than places (2.4)
Conclusion of Andrade
- doodling helps concentration on a primary task
- because participants in doodling condition performed better than control condition who were just listening to the primary task without a concurrent task
- reason behind the better recall is unclear
Findings of Dement and Kleitman
- uninterrupted dream stages:
* lasted 3-50 min (mean 20min)
* typically longer LATER in night
* showed intermitten bursts of around** 2-100 REM** - 79.6% of REM awakenings recalled dreams
- 93.1% of nREM didn’t recall dreams
- eye movement patterns found to be related to dream content:
* vertical eye movement:- standing at bottom of cliff, operating on hoist machine
- throwing basketballs at hoops, then looking up at net, down to pick up another ball
-
horizontal eye movement:
- watching 2 people throw tomatoes at each other
Conclusion of Dement and Kleitman
- eye movements during REM tend to fit with what the dreamer is looking at, suggesting that eye movements aren’t ‘random’
- dreaming is experienced in REM, not nREM
Findings of Hassett
- male monkeys preferred wheel toys (mean: 9.77) compared to plush toys (mean: 2.06)
* 18% showed no significant preference; not affected by age/rank - female monkeys showed no preference
* 30% preferred plush toys
* 39% preferred wheel toys
* 30% no significant preference -
significant positive correlation between social rank and frequency of interaction
* higher-ranking monkeys played more with the toys
Conclusion of Hassett
- sex-type preferences in humans may be due to biological differences, because even without socialisation, monkeys showed preferences similar to human infants
- male monkeys similar to boys
- female monkeys more variable in toy preferences
- toy preferences affect behavioral and cognitive biases influenced by hormones
Findings of Bandura
- Boys who witnessed an aggressive male model had the highest imitative aggression score of 25.8
- Girls were more verbally aggressive with a female aggressive model compared to the boys
- Girls scored more highly on verbal aggression than boys
- Boys scored more highly on physical aggression than girls
Conclusion of Bandura
- observing an aggressive model can lead to imitative aggression in the observer
- boys are more likely to imitate aggression compared to girls
- Boys are more likely to imitate physically aggressive behaviour than girls, while girls are slightly more likely to imitate verbally aggressive behaviour than boys.
- Children were more likely to copy aggression from a
model of the same-sex.
Findings of Piliavin
- males more likely to help the man than females
- 90% of first helpers were male, 68% were white
- in 20% of trials, a total of 34 people left critical area
- the researchers gathered bystander comments:
Female comments included:- It’s for men to help him
- You feel so bad that you don’t know what to do.
Conclusion of Piliavin
- A person who is ‘ill’ is more likely to receive help than a person who is ‘drunk’
Findings of Fagen
- juvenile elephants all learned the full trunk wash in 25-35 sessions
- mean average session was 12 min
- adult elephant was never tested on the full trunk wash, as she failed to learn the full sequence
- behaviors she couldn’t master: blow into bucket & hold trunk steady
- most difficult behavior was 1st one (put trunk into trainer’s hand), which took an average of 295 offers, compared to blow into bucket (54 offers) which took less practice
Conclusion of Fagen
secondary positive reinforcement is effective for training juvenile, traditionally trained elephants to voluntarily AND reliably participate in a trunk wash
Findings of Baren Cohen
- Group 1 (AS/HFA) scored lower on the eyes test compared to Group 3 (student comparison group)
- in Group 1, significant negative correlation between the AQ and Eyes Test
Conclusion of Baron Cohen
People with AS/HFA have a more difficult time with theory of mind as they cannot assign emotional/mental states to other people
Findings of Milgram
- 26/40 participants were fully obedient and administered the full 450V
- 40/40 participants went up to 300V, which was when the victim first pounded on the wall
- at this point, 5 ppts refused to continue
- extreme tension was observed (e.g. sweating, trembling, stuttering)
- 14 ppts showed signs of nervous laughter and smiling
- 3 ppts had full blown seizures
- mode of the 14-point scale from ‘Not at all painful’ to ‘Extremely painful’ was 14 (Extremely painful)