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ClinEd 1 > FINALS: Pulmonary Conditions > Flashcards

FINALS: Pulmonary Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

How should a mask be worn correctly?

A

The darker colored side should be outside. The mask should cover the bridge of the nose down to the chin.

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2
Q

What is the PPE level:
Surgical mask (N95 optional), face shield (goggles optional), and a disposable apron (optional for outpatient).

A

PPE Level 1

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3
Q

What is the PPE level:
For patients with exudates or bodily fluids: head cap, N95 (fit checked), face shield/goggles, gloves, booties, and an impermeable gown.

A

Level 2

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4
Q

What is the PPE requirement for Level 3?

A

Used for pneumonia patients. Includes Level 2 PPE but with two layers of gloves.

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4
Q

What additional PPE is required for Level 4, and who needs it?

A

For COVID patients: Level 2 PPE plus two layers of gloves and a HAZMAT suit.

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5
Q

What is Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?

A

A condition with scarring and stiffness of the lungs, making breathing difficult. It leads to fibrotic changes in the lung parenchyma, resulting in resistance to lung expansion.

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5
Q

What is Restrictive Lung Disease?

A

A group of lung diseases characterized by a reduction in lung volumes, including Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, Sarcoidosis, and Interstitial Lung Disease.

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6
Q

Key symptoms and stages of Sarcoidosis?

A

Symptoms: Persistent dry cough, wheezing, dyspnea, chest pain. Stages (Scadding): 0-4. Diagnosis via breathing tests, chest CT, or ECG.

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6
Q

How does severe scoliosis impact lung function?

A

Causes reduced lung volumes, limited diaphragmatic movement, and inefficient chest wall muscles. Managed with bracing, physical therapy, or surgery.

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6
Q

How is Interstitial Lung Disease diagnosed and managed?

A

Diagnosed through chest X-rays, lung function tests, and in severe cases, bronchoscopy or biopsy. Managed with corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, and pulmonary rehabilitation.

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7
Q

What causes Pneumoconiosis and how does it present?

A

Caused by inhaling airborne dust and fibers, leading to irreversible lung damage. Symptoms: Cough and dyspnea. Common types include Asbestosis and Coal Miner’s Lung.

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8
Q

Characteristics and symptoms of Asbestosis?

A

Prolonged asbestos exposure causes dyspnea, dry cough, chest tightness, and crackling sounds on inspiration. May develop symptoms years after exposure.

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8
Q

What is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?

A

An immune reaction to inhaled allergens. Acute phase: flu-like symptoms; chronic phase: dyspnea, coughing, weight loss, digital clubbing. Managed by avoiding allergens.

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9
Q

Describe Flail Chest and its management.

A

: A condition where a segment of the chest wall moves paradoxically, causing pain and shallow breathing. Managed with splinting to stabilize the chest.

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10
Q

Timing: End of inspiration. Pitch: High. Sound: Pops/cracks like a fire. Location: Small airways. Discontinuous and short in duration.

A

fine crackles

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11
Q

: What does wheezing sound like?

A

Timing: Mainly expiration. Pitch: High. Sound: Squeaky, whistling, musical. Location: Throughout the respiratory system.

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11
Q

Timing: Start of inspiration, extending to expiration. Pitch: Low. Sound: Gurgling/bubbling. Location: Large airways. Discontinuous and longer in duration.

A

coarse crackles

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12
Q

Characteristics of stridor?

A

Timing: Inspiration or expiration. Pitch: High. Sound: Screeching or squawking from the throat area. Location: Upper respiratory system.

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13
Q

Timing: Mainly in expiration. Pitch: Low but loud. Sound: Snoring or snorting, improves with coughing. Location: Large airways like the trachea or bronchus.

A

rhonchi

13
Q

What causes a pleural friction rub and how does it sound?

A

Caused by pleural layer irritation. Timing: Inspiration and expiration. Pitch: Low. Sound: Harsh, grating. Associated with pain during deep breaths.

14
Q

What is Obstructive Lung Disease, and what causes it?

A

Progressive airway obstruction due to chronic inflammation, leading to small airway fibrosis and lung damage. Conditions include Bronchitis, Emphysema, Cystic Fibrosis, Chronic Asthma, Bronchiectasis, and Tuberculosis.

14
Q

What is the key difference between Obstructive and Restrictive Lung Diseases?

A

Obstructive lung diseases make exhalation difficult (e.g., Bronchitis, Emphysema), while restrictive lung diseases make lung expansion difficult, usually due to issues outside the lung itself (e.g., Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, Scoliosis).

15
Q

What are the main symptoms and management strategies for Bronchitis?

A

Symptoms: Productive cough, cyanosis, wheezing, hypoxemia, digital clubbing. Management: Bronchodilators, glucocorticoids, smoking cessation, and pulmonary rehabilitation.

16
Q

What characterizes Emphysema, and how is it managed?

A

Characterized by permanent enlargement of airspaces and loss of elastic recoil. Symptoms: Breathlessness, hyperventilation, bullae, barrel chest. Management: Smoking cessation and oxygen therapy.

17
Q

Key features of Bronchiectasis and its treatment?

A

Permanent bronchial widening due to inflammation/infection. Symptoms: Productive cough, hemoptysis, fatigue, crackles, wheezing. Management: Mucus thinning meds, antibiotics for infections.

17
Q

Describe the pathology of Cystic Fibrosis and its symptoms.

A

Genetic disorder (AR mutation in CFTR gene) causing thick mucus buildup. Symptoms: Productive mucoid cough, fatigue, nasal congestion, salty-tasting skin, respiratory infections. Management: CFTR modulators, antibiotics, and pancreatic enzyme replacement.

17
Q

What are the symptoms and risk factors of Chronic Asthma?

A

Symptoms: Dyspnea, wheezing, cough, often worse at night or early morning. Risk Factors: Atopic diathesis. Management: Trigger avoidance, corticosteroids, bronchodilators, antihistamines.

18
Q

What is Tuberculosis, and what are the risk factors?

A

A respiratory infection caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, transmitted through droplets. Risk Factors: Poor sanitation, low-income settings, immunosuppression. Management: Antibacterial meds for 6+ months, side effect management.

19
Q

How does COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) present, and what are the management strategies?

A

Symptoms: Fever, cough, dyspnea, fatigue, headache, myalgia. Vulnerable populations: Older adults, immunocompromised, people with disabilities. Management: Antiviral therapy, monoclonal antibodies, oxygen therapy, vaccines.

20
Q

What are key infection control and prevention practices in healthcare settings?

A

Infection control addresses factors related to the spread of infection, including proper prevention and monitoring. Strategies include isolation, personal protective equipment (PPE), hand hygiene, and vaccination.

21
Q

the suspension of breathing with no muscle movement, but lung volume remains intact. Causes include breath holding, choking, or neurological trauma.

A

Apnea

21
Q

a respiratory rate >20 breaths per minute, characterized by rapid, shallow breathing. Causes: Fever, respiratory alkalosis, brain lesions, or an elevated diaphragm.

A

Tachypnea

21
Q

a respiratory rate <12 breaths per minute, with slow, shallow breathing. Occurs in diabetic coma, respiratory depression, or increased intracranial pressure.

A

Bradypnea

21
Q

Describe Hyperventilation and its possible triggers.

A

Hyperventilation is rapid, deep breathing leading to low CO2 levels. Causes include anxiety, COPD, asthma, or a pulmonary embolism.

21
Q

What characterizes Cheyne-Stokes breathing?

A

Cheyne-Stokes is periodic breathing with alternating tachypnea and apnea. Common in stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and heart failure.

22
Q

Define Kussmaul breathing and its clinical significance.

A

Kussmaul breathing is rapid, deep, and labored, often indicating severe metabolic acidosis, such as in diabetic ketoacidosis (air hunger).

22
Q

What does high pH and low PaCO2 signify in ABG analysis?

A

High pH and low PaCO2 indicate respiratory alkalosis, which can result from hyperventilation.

22
Q

How does metabolic acidosis reflect in ABG values?

A

Metabolic acidosis presents with a low pH and decreased bicarbonate (HCO3) levels, often compensated by hyperventilation.

23
Q

What does a low pH and high PaCO2 in ABG indicate?

A

Low pH and high PaCO2 suggest respiratory acidosis, often due to hypoventilation or impaired gas exchange.

24
Q

What is the normal range for pH in ABG analysis?

A

The normal pH range is 7.35-7.45.

25
Q

What is the normal partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in ABG?

A

The normal PaO2 range is 75-100 mmHg.

26
Q

What is the normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in ABG?

A

The normal PaCO2 range is 35-45 mmHg.

27
Q

What is the normal oxygen saturation (O2 Sat) in ABG?

A

The normal O2 Sat range is 94-100%.

27
Q
A
28
Q

What is the normal bicarbonate (HCO3) level in ABG analysis?

A

The normal HCO3 range is 22-26 mEq/L.

ClinEd 1 (14 decks)

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