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ClinEd 1 > FINALS: Coronary Heart Disease > Flashcards

FINALS: Coronary Heart Disease Flashcards

1
Q

a condition characterized by the narrowing of coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

A

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

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2
Q

What are the major risk factors for Coronary Heart Disease?

A

amily history, male gender, blood lipid abnormalities, diabetes, hypertension, physical inactivity, obesity, and smoking.

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2
Q

What is metabolic syndrome, and how is it related to CHD?

A

Metabolic syndrome is the presence of three or more risk factors like abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, low HDL, high fasting blood sugar, and hypertension, which increase CHD risk.

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2
Q

What dietary habits are recommended for CHD prevention?

A

A diet low in carbohydrates and saturated fats, incorporating fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids at least three times a week.

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2
Q

: What is Angina Pectoris, and what triggers it?

A

Angina is chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart, commonly triggered by stress or physical exertion, and relieved by rest.

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2
Q

What are common signs and symptoms of Angina Pectoris?

A

Precordial chest pain, tightness, squeezing, burning, pressing, or aching, often radiating to the left arm, shoulder, or jaw.

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2
Q

What is the role of CRP in CHD?

A

C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is a marker of inflammation; high levels (>3 mcg/mL) indicate a high risk of CHD.

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2
Q

What characterizes chronic stable angina?

A

Chronic stable angina occurs with exertion, is associated with myocardial ischemia, and is relieved by rest or medications.

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2
Q

How does atherosclerosis develop in CHD?

A

: Plaque forms on blood vessel walls, leading to endothelial dysfunction, foam cell buildup, atheroma development, and possible plaque rupture or thrombosis.

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2
Q

What are key treatment approaches for Chronic Stable Angina?

A

Risk factor control, vasodilators, surgical options (angioplasty/bypass), and medications like beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers.

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3
Q

How is unstable angina different from myocardial infarction?

A

Unstable angina presents with new or worsening chest pain without evidence of myocardial injury (no elevated troponin or CKMB).

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3
Q

Chest pain due to coronary artery spasm, often without precipitating factors, and more common in women under 50, typically affecting the right coronary artery.

A

Prinzmetal angina

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3
Q

Name some medications used for CHD prevention and management.

A

Statins, niacin, aspirin, omega-3 fatty acids, ACE inhibitors, and antioxidants like vitamin E.

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3
Q

refers to episodes of myocardial ischemia without the typical symptoms of chest pain, often detected by ECG changes

A

Silent ischemia

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3
Q

A 55-year-old male with chest tightness during exercise, relieved by rest, is likely experiencing what condition?

A

Stable Angina.

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3
Q

A patient with sudden chest pain and no relief after rest has elevated troponin levels. Diagnosis?

A

Myocardial Infarction.

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3
Q

A young woman experiences chest pain at rest, relieved by nitrates. What type of angina does she have?

A

Prinzmetal (Variant) Angina.

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3
Q

A patient with a high CRP level and no chest pain has a risk of what condition?

A

Silent Ischemia, indicating underlying CHD.

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3
Q

A 60-year-old with worsening chest pain at rest has no myocardial damage. Likely diagnosis?

A

Unstable Angina.

3
Q

A patient with diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol. What syndrome increases their CHD risk?

A

Metabolic Syndrome.

3
Q

How does atherothrombosis lead to MI or stroke?

A

Plaque disruption causes thrombosis, reducing blood flow, leading to ischemic syndromes.

4
Q

A patient with stable angina is advised to avoid high carbs and saturated fats. Why?

A

Diet modification reduces CHD risk.

4
Q

A patient with chest pain lasting over 20 minutes has elevated ST segments. Diagnosis?

A

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI).

4
Q

Elderly diabetic patient with dyspnea but no chest pain. What might they have?

A

Painless Myocardial Infarction.

4
Q

What ECG changes suggest an anterior wall MI?

A

ST elevation in V1-V4 leads.

4
Q

What are the criteria for diagnosing an acute MI?

A

Prolonged chest pain >20 mins, ECG changes, and elevated cardiac enzymes (e.g., CKMB).

4
Q

What does ST-segment elevation indicate in an MI?

A

Transmural MI, indicating full-thickness myocardial damage.

4
Q

What does inadequate wound healing after plaque rupture lead to?

A

Smooth muscle proliferation and thrombus formation.

4
Q

What are anginal equivalents?

A

Dyspnea, cardiac arrhythmia, and fatigue.

4
Q

Which patient groups are at risk for painless MI?

A

Elderly, diabetic, and post-stroke patients.

4
Q

Name common complications following an MI.

A

Cardiac arrhythmia, CHF, VSD, papillary muscle rupture.

5
Q

Name two key goals in MI treatment.

A

Reperfusion and reducing myocardial oxygen demand.

6
Q

What is the role of ACE inhibitors post-MI?

A

To prevent ventricular remodeling and reduce recurrent ischemia.

6
Q

What is the primary goal of aerobic training in the acute phase of cardiac rehabilitation?

A

Improve aerobic capacity, oxygen delivery, and tolerance to ADLs (Activities of Daily Living).

7
Q

What are key adaptations made to support healing after cardiac surgery?

A

Task deconstruction and environmental modifications for safe ADLs and gradual return to activities.

7
Q

Why is resistance training important in acute cardiac rehab?

A

To improve dynamic strength for functional tasks like bed mobility and transfers.

8
Q

What intensity is recommended for aerobic training post-acute phase?

A

40%-60% of maximum capacity for 20-40 minutes, 3-5 days per week.

9
Q

Describe the resistance training protocol for post-acute cardiac patients.

A

Moderate intensity, 8-10 exercises, 1-2 sets, 10-15 reps, 2+ days per week.

10
Q

What are the phases of cardiac rehabilitation?

A

Phase I: Inpatient; Phase II: Outpatient; Phases III & IV: Maintenance (may be unsupervised).

11
Q

What is the goal of inpatient cardiac rehab (Phase I)?

A

Medically supervised, ECG-monitored recovery and risk reduction post-cardiac event.

12
Q

: Why is diabetes management essential in cardiac rehab?

A

To control blood glucose levels before and after physical activity, reducing cardiac complicatioNS

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14
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ClinEd 1 (14 decks)

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