Finals: EVOLUTION

Question 1

-evolution:

Answer 1

changes in population’s gene pool, no goal directed

Question 2

-adaption:

Answer 2

an inherited characteristic that enhances an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

Question 3

heritable variation:

Answer 3

passed on to offspring, all individuals have a slight difference from one generation to the next

Question 4

species

Answer 4

individual of same type that are inner breeding and produce fertile offspring,

Question 5

-population

Answer 5

What actually evolves, individuals of the same species in the same area, group of interbreeding individuals

Question 6

• lines of evidence for evolution:

Answer 6

• lines of evidence for evolution: fossils, Transitional forms, living fossils, homologous, vestigial, Hox genes, Analogy, Antibiotic and pesticide resistance, Comparative embryology, biogeography, comparative biochemistry

Question 7

-fossils:

Answer 7

Have transitional forms, preserved remains or imprints of organism in sedimentary rocks

Question 8

-transitional forms:

Answer 8

transitioning to being some, example: archeopteryx (furry reptile), acanthostega (primary tetrapod, suggesting that amphibians and other tetrapods evolved from fish),

Question 9

-living fossils:

Answer 9

hought to be extinct but fisherman found itlob, fined fish, beginning of four limb structures, coelacanth

Question 10

-homologous:

Answer 10

have same basic structure, but not function, evidence for divergent from common ancestor, all modern tetropods, survival in most vertibae ake, evidence for divergent evolution, we all have 7 vertebrae in back, whale limb and bat wing

Question 11

-vestigial:

Answer 11

tail bone, hair, darwins point, appendix, caning teeth, whale hip bone, hipbone of python, considered remants of some past ancestor that are presetn ut have no function in modern descendeants,

Question 12

-hox genes:

Answer 12

all anaimals posses same genes, genes from mouse eyes into of fruit fly and develop same eyes, gene that everyone has, responsible for different part of body,

Question 13

analogy:

Answer 13

superficially, wing of bird and butterfly, similiar structures and same function
evidence for covergent rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait,

Question 14

antibiotic and pesticide resistance

Answer 14

: multi drug resistant of turbruculosis, ear infections, staff, virsus, MICROEVOLUTION, bugs can become resistance to pestiticide, MICROEVOLUTION

Question 15

-comparative embryology

Answer 15

compare embryology, similiarites in tails and gills

evidence for common ancestor

Question 16

-comparative biochemistry:

Answer 16

compare amino acid sequence of proteins of different species, find cytochrome had one difference in humans and chimps

Question 17

divergence:

Answer 17

when descendents have evolved from a common ancestor, comparative embryology

Question 18

-convergence:

Answer 18

unrelated ancestors, give rise to descentant, similiarity of not function, but structure, but descendents not related, Have superficial similar structure and function and evolved in similar habitats, adaptive change resultign in analogous similiarties among organims, species from different evolutionary lineagers come to resemble each as a result of living in very similiar environments, stream line sahpe of a fish and dolphin, streamliend shape of a tuna and whale

Question 19

-process of natural selectio

Answer 19

: too many offspring, compeition for limited resources, individuals show variation, survival: have better variations, better compete, can survive, people with bneficial variation need to reproduce for next generation

Question 20

-wallace:

Answer 20

conceieved a theory of evolution almost identical to darwins, british naturalists, asked darwin to evaulate the mansuscript he had written about his theory

Question 21

-darwin:

Answer 21

wrote the origin of species, explaining descent with modification, english scientist who first devised thoeyr of evolution, contribution to hs thinking was voyage of beagle, trip to galapogos issland gave him important information about observations, helping him formulate his theory of natural selection, (ADD THING FROM TEST)

Question 22

-genetic drift: c

Answer 22

hange in pene pool of population due to chance; effects of genetic drift are most prnounced in small populations, Bottle neck and founder,

Question 23

-gene flow:

Answer 23

: changes in population gene pool due to migration (if one population migrate to another populaion, change gene variability (more genes for good or bad or less, dependent on which population migrate), transfer of alleles from one ppopulation to another, as a result of the movement of individuals or their gamete

Question 24

-founders effect:

Answer 24

by chance, few people get isolated from main population and get reolcated by changing = founding population, type of genetric drift, darwin found info there, land and water africaner: descended from end dutch esettlers, today susally disaes high rae of huntings, evidence for founders effect

Question 25

-bottleneck:

Answer 25

type of genetic drift, all indivudals wiped out ut few survive: lose genetic variability, indivudals who escaped reproduce and create new population, causes: drought, natural disater, buffalo (we wipe out), pandas, condors (la), elephant seal (san franciso, channel isalnds, 40 survive individuals during 1800s), endangered species often subject to bottle neck, reduces genetic diveristy, LARGE part of population wiped out,

Question 26

-processes that increase genetic variability:

Answer 26

mutations and sexual reproduction

Question 27

-mutations:

Answer 27

roduce new alleles, somatic cells (where most muations occur), most mutations are harmful, importnat source f helpful variation (duplication mutations), prokaryotes: organisms in which mutation alone generate most variation, generate variation ultimate source of all genetic variation, mutation ins random,

Question 28

-beneficial mutations:

Answer 28

make organisms better fit (human mutation help others survive plague, small pox and aids)

Question 29

-agent of change (gene pool):

Answer 29

natural selection, mutations

Question 30

-sexual reproduction:

Answer 30

esult in genetic variation, major change agent in eukaryotes and diploid,
-in eurkayotes and diploids: in meiosis, genetic recompination and indepedent assortment, chromosome form tetrad and crossing over, causes of variation, generates most new gene combinations in anaimsla dna plants, generate variation

Question 31

-phylogeny: e

Answer 31

evolutionary history of species or group of species, fossil record provive susbstantial chenocile of evolutionary chnge that can help trace the phylogeny of many groups, infereed from morphological and moecular homologies

Question 32

-phylogentic trees:

Answer 32

use them to depict hypotheses about evolutionary history of specis

Question 33

-microevolution:

Answer 33

evolution observed, small changes in a population over short period of time, peppered moth, same species, change in relative frequencies of alleles in gene pool, england industrial revolution, to variation, antibiotic resistance, pestidie resistance, white= more than dark, smoke go to trees and buildings, antibiotic and pestiticide resistance

Question 34

hox genes

Answer 34

genes that everyone has responsbile for different parts fo the body