Finals: EVOLUTION Flashcards
-evolution:
changes in population’s gene pool, no goal directed
-adaption:
an inherited characteristic that enhances an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
heritable variation:
passed on to offspring, all individuals have a slight difference from one generation to the next
species
individual of same type that are inner breeding and produce fertile offspring,
-population
What actually evolves, individuals of the same species in the same area, group of interbreeding individuals
- lines of evidence for evolution:
- lines of evidence for evolution: fossils, Transitional forms, living fossils, homologous, vestigial, Hox genes, Analogy, Antibiotic and pesticide resistance, Comparative embryology, biogeography, comparative biochemistry
-fossils:
Have transitional forms, preserved remains or imprints of organism in sedimentary rocks
-transitional forms:
transitioning to being some, example: archeopteryx (furry reptile), acanthostega (primary tetrapod, suggesting that amphibians and other tetrapods evolved from fish),
-living fossils:
hought to be extinct but fisherman found itlob, fined fish, beginning of four limb structures, coelacanth
-homologous:
have same basic structure, but not function, evidence for divergent from common ancestor, all modern tetropods, survival in most vertibae ake, evidence for divergent evolution, we all have 7 vertebrae in back, whale limb and bat wing
-vestigial:
tail bone, hair, darwins point, appendix, caning teeth, whale hip bone, hipbone of python, considered remants of some past ancestor that are presetn ut have no function in modern descendeants,
-hox genes:
all anaimals posses same genes, genes from mouse eyes into of fruit fly and develop same eyes, gene that everyone has, responsible for different part of body,
analogy:
superficially, wing of bird and butterfly, similiar structures and same function
evidence for covergent rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait,
antibiotic and pesticide resistance
: multi drug resistant of turbruculosis, ear infections, staff, virsus, MICROEVOLUTION, bugs can become resistance to pestiticide, MICROEVOLUTION
-comparative embryology
compare embryology, similiarites in tails and gills
evidence for common ancestor
-comparative biochemistry:
compare amino acid sequence of proteins of different species, find cytochrome had one difference in humans and chimps
divergence:
when descendents have evolved from a common ancestor, comparative embryology
-convergence:
unrelated ancestors, give rise to descentant, similiarity of not function, but structure, but descendents not related, Have superficial similar structure and function and evolved in similar habitats, adaptive change resultign in analogous similiarties among organims, species from different evolutionary lineagers come to resemble each as a result of living in very similiar environments, stream line sahpe of a fish and dolphin, streamliend shape of a tuna and whale
-process of natural selectio
: too many offspring, compeition for limited resources, individuals show variation, survival: have better variations, better compete, can survive, people with bneficial variation need to reproduce for next generation
-wallace:
conceieved a theory of evolution almost identical to darwins, british naturalists, asked darwin to evaulate the mansuscript he had written about his theory
-darwin:
wrote the origin of species, explaining descent with modification, english scientist who first devised thoeyr of evolution, contribution to hs thinking was voyage of beagle, trip to galapogos issland gave him important information about observations, helping him formulate his theory of natural selection, (ADD THING FROM TEST)
-genetic drift: c
hange in pene pool of population due to chance; effects of genetic drift are most prnounced in small populations, Bottle neck and founder,
-gene flow:
: changes in population gene pool due to migration (if one population migrate to another populaion, change gene variability (more genes for good or bad or less, dependent on which population migrate), transfer of alleles from one ppopulation to another, as a result of the movement of individuals or their gamete
-founders effect:
by chance, few people get isolated from main population and get reolcated by changing = founding population, type of genetric drift, darwin found info there, land and water africaner: descended from end dutch esettlers, today susally disaes high rae of huntings, evidence for founders effect
-bottleneck:
type of genetic drift, all indivudals wiped out ut few survive: lose genetic variability, indivudals who escaped reproduce and create new population, causes: drought, natural disater, buffalo (we wipe out), pandas, condors (la), elephant seal (san franciso, channel isalnds, 40 survive individuals during 1800s), endangered species often subject to bottle neck, reduces genetic diveristy, LARGE part of population wiped out,
-processes that increase genetic variability:
mutations and sexual reproduction
-mutations:
roduce new alleles, somatic cells (where most muations occur), most mutations are harmful, importnat source f helpful variation (duplication mutations), prokaryotes: organisms in which mutation alone generate most variation, generate variation ultimate source of all genetic variation, mutation ins random,
-beneficial mutations:
make organisms better fit (human mutation help others survive plague, small pox and aids)
-agent of change (gene pool):
natural selection, mutations
-sexual reproduction:
esult in genetic variation, major change agent in eukaryotes and diploid,
-in eurkayotes and diploids: in meiosis, genetic recompination and indepedent assortment, chromosome form tetrad and crossing over, causes of variation, generates most new gene combinations in anaimsla dna plants, generate variation
-phylogeny: e
evolutionary history of species or group of species, fossil record provive susbstantial chenocile of evolutionary chnge that can help trace the phylogeny of many groups, infereed from morphological and moecular homologies
-phylogentic trees:
use them to depict hypotheses about evolutionary history of specis
-microevolution:
evolution observed, small changes in a population over short period of time, peppered moth, same species, change in relative frequencies of alleles in gene pool, england industrial revolution, to variation, antibiotic resistance, pestidie resistance, white= more than dark, smoke go to trees and buildings, antibiotic and pestiticide resistance
hox genes
genes that everyone has responsbile for different parts fo the body
