Finals: CELL RESPIRATION

Question 1

cellular respiration:

Answer 1

chemical process that uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy stored in fuel molecules to a form of chemical energy that the cell can use to perform work, cells release energy by means of a different exergonic process, involves many steps (each with a different chemical reaction

Question 2

-two types of respiration

Answer 2

aerobic and anaerobic (fermentation)

Question 3

-three fates of pyruvic acid:

Answer 3

pyruvate godes to matrix or mitochondria (aero) and changed into acetic acid or changed to lactic acid or ethyl alcohol (aner)

Question 4

-lactic acid:

Answer 4

o muscle, daily exercise and muscle gets fatigued

Question 5

-aerobic respiration:

Answer 5

if oxygen is present, one source of substrate level phosphorylation during aerobic respiration is citric / krebs cycle

Question 6

anaerobic

Answer 6

don’t need oxygen, also known as fermentation

Question 7

-fermentation:

Answer 7

anaerobic, human tissues and cells cannot perform fermentacion

Question 8

-two types of anaerobic respiration

Answer 8

lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation

Question 9

-lactic acid fermentation:

Answer 9

muscle cells and certain bacteria can regenerate NAD+,

Question 10

-alcohol fermentation:

Answer 10

builds up in muscle cells during strenuous exercise is carried to liver where it is converted back to pyruvate, dairy industry uses it to make cheese and yogurt, turn soybeans into soy sauce and cabbage into sauerkraut

Question 11

-alcohol fermentation

Answer 11

in brewing, winemaking, baking, recycle their NADH back to NAD+ while converting pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol, CO2 = bubbles in beer and champagne, cause dough to rise

Question 12

-yeasts:

Answer 12

single-celled fungi that are normally use aerobic respiration to process their food, release alcohol wastes to surrounding

Question 13

-three types of cellular work that require ATP:

Answer 13

chemical work, mechanical work, transport

Question 14

-how is ATP made from ADP:

Answer 14

energy released in exergonci reactions such as breakdown of glucose during cellular respiraiton is used ot regenrate ATP from ADP, phosphate group is bonded to ADP

Question 15

-three stages of aerobic respiration:

Answer 15

glycolysis, citric cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

Question 16

-glycolysis

Answer 16

occur in cytoplasmic fluid of cell or outside of organelles, function: supply oxidative phosphoyrlation with electrons, 10 reactions, 10 different enzymes, glucose is broken down (need ATP, get 4 ATP, get 2 NADH), breaks glucose into pyruvate

Question 17

-in glycolysis how many ATPs are produced:

Answer 17

4 ATPS

Question 18

-in glycolysis, how many ATPs are used:

Answer 18

2

Question 19

-glycolysis begins…. ends….:

Answer 19

begins with single molecule of glucose and end with two molecules of pyruvate

Question 20

-glycolysis and metabolic pathway

Answer 20

is a metabolic pathway because each chemical step leads to the next one, intermeidate glucose -6-phosphate is product of step 1 and reactant for step 2, fructose -6-phosphate is product of step 2 and reactant for step 3

Question 21

-pyruvate:

Answer 21

: three carbon compound

Question 22

-reactant:

Answer 22

starting material in chemical reaction

Question 23

-substrate:

Answer 23

specific reactant that a enzyme acts on

Question 24

-cirtic acid cycle

Answer 24

occur in mitochondria, decomposing derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide, metabolic pathway,

Question 25

-oxidative phsophorlation:

Answer 25

involve electron transport chain and chemiosmosis, occur in mitochandria

Question 26

-what substane begins krebs cycle

Answer 26

acetyl coA molecule

Question 27

where does that substance from and how is it made?

Answer 27

pyruic acid turns into acedic acid, produces NADH and CO2

Question 28

-acetyl coA:

Answer 28

high energy fuel molecule for citiric acid cycle

Question 29

-main purpose of kreb cycle:

Answer 29

produce 3 NADH and 1 FADH

Question 30

-where is NADH produced:

Answer 30

2 in glycolysis, 3 in the kreb cycle

Question 31

-how many of each type of product per turn of the kreb cycle:

Answer 31

one ATP molecuel by substrate level phosphorylation, three NADH, one molecule of FADH2, 2 CO2

Question 32

-electron transport chain:

Answer 32

there are globular proteins and ATP synthase, as the electrons pass through the globular proteins, it pumps hydrogen ions into inner membrane and create H+ gradient,

Question 33

-electron transport chain process:

Answer 33

NADH and FADH2 go through electron trasnport chain to oxygen (final electron acceptor),

Question 34

-oxygen:

Answer 34

accepts two electrons from chain and picks up two hydrogen ions from surrounding solution to form water one of final products of cellular respiration

Question 35

-redox reaction

Answer 35

movemetn of electrons from one molecule to another, oxidation reduction reaction

Question 36

-oxidation:

Answer 36

loss of electrons from one substance

Question 37

reduction

Answer 37

addition of electrson to another substance

Question 38

-chemiosis:

Answer 38

as electron transport chain passes electrons down energy staircase, the proteins become hydrogen pump, it also pumps hydrogen ions across inner mitogchondrial membrane into narrow intermedrane space, resultis concentration gradient of H+ across membrane, potenial energy of concentration graident is used to make ATP

Question 39

-ATP synthases:

Answer 39

concentration gradient drives the diffusion of H+ through ATP synthases, protein complexes built into inner membrane that synthesize ATP

Question 40

-NADH and FADH to O:

Answer 40

NADH and FADH2 go through electron trasnport chain to oxygen (final electron acceptor)

Question 41

-oxygen:

Answer 41

ccepts two electrons from chain and picks up two hydrogen ions from surrounding solution to form water one of final products of cellular respiration
-chemiosis 2: carrier molecuels in four main protein complexes, two mobile carries transport electrons between complexes, carriers bind and release electrons in redox reactions, passing electrons down energy staircase, three of protein complexes use energy released from these electron transfers to actively transport H+ across membrane, from where H+ is less concentrate to where it is more concentrated

Question 42

-chemiosis 3

Answer 42

H+ gradient stores potential energy, ATP synthases act like minature turbines, Hydrgoen ions tend to be dirven across membrane by energy of their concentration gradient, membrane is not permeable to hydrogen ions and they can only cross through a channel in ATP synthase, hydrogen ions rush back downhill through ATP synthases, spinning a component of complex, rotation activates catalytic sites in synthase that attach phosphate groups to ADP molecule to generate ATP

Question 43

-bond energy:

Answer 43

break bond and energy is released,

Question 44

-muscle contraction

Question 45

where is FADH produced and how many

Answer 45

1 in one turn of kreb cycle

Question 46

how many turns per glucose

Answer 46

2

Question 47

how many ATP per glucose are the result of ETC in the mitochandria

Answer 47

34 aerobically