Finals: CELL RESPIRATION Flashcards
cellular respiration:
chemical process that uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy stored in fuel molecules to a form of chemical energy that the cell can use to perform work, cells release energy by means of a different exergonic process, involves many steps (each with a different chemical reaction
-two types of respiration
aerobic and anaerobic (fermentation)
-three fates of pyruvic acid:
pyruvate godes to matrix or mitochondria (aero) and changed into acetic acid or changed to lactic acid or ethyl alcohol (aner)
-lactic acid:
o muscle, daily exercise and muscle gets fatigued
-aerobic respiration:
if oxygen is present, one source of substrate level phosphorylation during aerobic respiration is citric / krebs cycle
anaerobic
don’t need oxygen, also known as fermentation
-fermentation:
anaerobic, human tissues and cells cannot perform fermentacion
-two types of anaerobic respiration
lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation
-lactic acid fermentation:
muscle cells and certain bacteria can regenerate NAD+,
-alcohol fermentation:
builds up in muscle cells during strenuous exercise is carried to liver where it is converted back to pyruvate, dairy industry uses it to make cheese and yogurt, turn soybeans into soy sauce and cabbage into sauerkraut
-alcohol fermentation
in brewing, winemaking, baking, recycle their NADH back to NAD+ while converting pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol, CO2 = bubbles in beer and champagne, cause dough to rise
-yeasts:
single-celled fungi that are normally use aerobic respiration to process their food, release alcohol wastes to surrounding
-three types of cellular work that require ATP:
chemical work, mechanical work, transport
-how is ATP made from ADP:
energy released in exergonci reactions such as breakdown of glucose during cellular respiraiton is used ot regenrate ATP from ADP, phosphate group is bonded to ADP
-three stages of aerobic respiration:
glycolysis, citric cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
-glycolysis
occur in cytoplasmic fluid of cell or outside of organelles, function: supply oxidative phosphoyrlation with electrons, 10 reactions, 10 different enzymes, glucose is broken down (need ATP, get 4 ATP, get 2 NADH), breaks glucose into pyruvate
-in glycolysis how many ATPs are produced:
4 ATPS
-in glycolysis, how many ATPs are used:
2
-glycolysis begins…. ends….:
begins with single molecule of glucose and end with two molecules of pyruvate
-glycolysis and metabolic pathway
is a metabolic pathway because each chemical step leads to the next one, intermeidate glucose -6-phosphate is product of step 1 and reactant for step 2, fructose -6-phosphate is product of step 2 and reactant for step 3
-pyruvate:
: three carbon compound
-reactant:
starting material in chemical reaction
-substrate:
specific reactant that a enzyme acts on
-cirtic acid cycle
occur in mitochondria, decomposing derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide, metabolic pathway,
-oxidative phsophorlation:
involve electron transport chain and chemiosmosis, occur in mitochandria
-what substane begins krebs cycle
acetyl coA molecule
where does that substance from and how is it made?
pyruic acid turns into acedic acid, produces NADH and CO2
-acetyl coA:
high energy fuel molecule for citiric acid cycle
-main purpose of kreb cycle:
produce 3 NADH and 1 FADH
-where is NADH produced:
2 in glycolysis, 3 in the kreb cycle
-how many of each type of product per turn of the kreb cycle:
one ATP molecuel by substrate level phosphorylation, three NADH, one molecule of FADH2, 2 CO2
-electron transport chain:
there are globular proteins and ATP synthase, as the electrons pass through the globular proteins, it pumps hydrogen ions into inner membrane and create H+ gradient,
-electron transport chain process:
NADH and FADH2 go through electron trasnport chain to oxygen (final electron acceptor),
-oxygen:
accepts two electrons from chain and picks up two hydrogen ions from surrounding solution to form water one of final products of cellular respiration
-redox reaction
movemetn of electrons from one molecule to another, oxidation reduction reaction
-oxidation:
loss of electrons from one substance
reduction
addition of electrson to another substance
-chemiosis:
as electron transport chain passes electrons down energy staircase, the proteins become hydrogen pump, it also pumps hydrogen ions across inner mitogchondrial membrane into narrow intermedrane space, resultis concentration gradient of H+ across membrane, potenial energy of concentration graident is used to make ATP
-ATP synthases:
concentration gradient drives the diffusion of H+ through ATP synthases, protein complexes built into inner membrane that synthesize ATP
-NADH and FADH to O:
NADH and FADH2 go through electron trasnport chain to oxygen (final electron acceptor)
-oxygen:
ccepts two electrons from chain and picks up two hydrogen ions from surrounding solution to form water one of final products of cellular respiration
-chemiosis 2: carrier molecuels in four main protein complexes, two mobile carries transport electrons between complexes, carriers bind and release electrons in redox reactions, passing electrons down energy staircase, three of protein complexes use energy released from these electron transfers to actively transport H+ across membrane, from where H+ is less concentrate to where it is more concentrated
-chemiosis 3
H+ gradient stores potential energy, ATP synthases act like minature turbines, Hydrgoen ions tend to be dirven across membrane by energy of their concentration gradient, membrane is not permeable to hydrogen ions and they can only cross through a channel in ATP synthase, hydrogen ions rush back downhill through ATP synthases, spinning a component of complex, rotation activates catalytic sites in synthase that attach phosphate groups to ADP molecule to generate ATP
-bond energy:
break bond and energy is released,
-muscle contraction
where is FADH produced and how many
1 in one turn of kreb cycle
how many turns per glucose
2
how many ATP per glucose are the result of ETC in the mitochandria
34 aerobically
