Finals: CELLULAR TRANSPORT

Question 1

-diffusion:

Answer 1

tendency for particles of any kind to spread out evenly in an available space moving from where they are more concentrated to less concentrated, requires no work, result from thermal motion of atoms and molecules

Question 2

-concentration gradient

Answer 2

increase or decrease in density of chemical substance in an area

Question 3

-passive transport:

Answer 3

diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane,

Question 4

-osmosis: d

Answer 4

diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane, water moving from A to B (net force), aquarium allows water to go through simple diffusion

Question 5

-polar and ions:

Answer 5

have difficulties moving through simple diffusion, not soluble

Question 6

-selectively permeable membrane

Answer 6

allow some substances to cross more easily than others, hydrophobic interior = one reason for this,

Question 7

-solute: s

Answer 7

substance that is dissolved in a solution

Question 8

solution:

Answer 8

liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances

Question 9

aqueous solution

Answer 9

one which water is the solvent

Question 10

hypertonic:

Answer 10

solution with a higher solute concentration, shrivel and can die from water loss

Question 11

-hypotonic:

Answer 11

solution with a solute concentration lower than that of the cell, cell gains water, swells, and may burst like an overfilled balloon

Question 12

-isotonic:

Answer 12

cell volume remains constant, solute concentration of a cell and its isotonic environment are essentially equal and cell gains water at the same rate that it loses

Question 13

-what happens to plant in hypertonic:

Answer 13

shriveled, loses water, plasma membrane pulls away from cell wall

Question 14

-what happens to plants in hypotoni

Answer 14

turgid, needs net inflow of water, elastic cell wall expands a bit, pressure it exerts prevents cell from taking in too much water and bursting

Question 15

-what happens to animals in hypotonic:

Answer 15

: lysed

Question 16

-what happens to animals in hypertonic:

Answer 16

shriveled

Question 17

-plasmolysis

Answer 17

plant cell in hypertonic, cell loses water, shrivels, plasma membrane pulls away from cell wall, causes plant to wilt and can be lethal to cell and plant

Question 18

turgor pressure

Answer 18

The pressure exerted by water inside the cell against the cell wall.When a plant cell stores ions, sugars and other solutes in its vacuole, this causes an influx of water. The influx of water results in a large turgor pressure exerted on the plantcell wall. This makes plant cells to become turgid, thus, helping the plants to stand upright, and do not wilt.

Question 19

-protein channels:

Answer 19

create channels for things to move through, aquaporin, very selective, used for facilitated diffusion (no energy required)

Question 20

-examples of protein channels:

Answer 20

sodium channel, potassium, glucose, Ca2+, amino acid

Question 21

-sodium channel:

Answer 21

only sodium can go in

Question 22

-potassium channel:

Answer 22

when it opens, only lets potassium out

Question 23

-pumps:

Answer 23

involved with active transport, energy requirement

Question 24

-membrane globular protein functions:

Answer 24

enzymes, signal transduction, transport, cell to cell recognition (fuzzy coat)

Question 25

-transport:

Answer 25

protein channels and pumps

Question 26

-facilitated diffusion:

Answer 26

when one of proteins channels makes it possible for a substance to move down its concentration gradient, type of passive transport (does not require energy), driving force is concentration gradient, greater to lesser

Question 27

-active transport:

Answer 27

use pumps, substance moves up a concentration gradient, less to greater, energy needed (ATP)

Question 28

-example of active transport

Answer 28

sodium potassium pump:

Question 29

-down:

Answer 29

greater to lesse

Question 30

-up:

Answer 30

lesser to greater

Question 31

-exocytosis:

Answer 31

export bulky materials such as proteins or polysaccharides, transport vesicle filled with macromolecules buds with golgi apparatus and moves to plasma membrane, vesicle fuses with plasma membrane and vesicles contents spill out of cell while vesicle membrane become part of plasma membrane,

Question 32

-endocytosis:

Answer 32

transport process opposite of exocytosis, cell takes in substance, depression in plasma membrane pinches in and forms a vesicle enclosing material that had been outside the cell

Question 33

-pinocytosis:

Answer 33

cellular drinking, cell gulps droplets of fluid into tiny vesicle, not specific, takes in any and all solute dissolved in droplets TYPE OF ENDOCYTOSIS

Question 34

-phagocytosis:

Answer 34

cellular eating, cell engulfs particle by wrapping extensions called pseudopodia around it, packing it within a membrane enclosed sac large enough to be called a vacuole TYPE OF ENDOCYTOSIS

Question 35

-phospholipid:

Answer 35

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails, arrange themselves as a biolayer, in PM, tails want to be next to each other, two layers of phospholipids

Question 36

-plasma membrane:

Answer 36

globular protein in bilayer

Question 37

cellular secretion:

Answer 37

protein transport vesicle at RER, protein put in ER, it budds off RER and become transport vesicle, it attaches to golgi body and bleg, go through series of golgi body sacs, at the final sac it either become a lysosome or secretory vesicle, when it becomes a secretory vesicle = cellular secretion, it goes to the plasma membrane and export protein
EXO

Question 38

lyososome

Answer 38

stay in cell

Question 39

blebbing

Answer 39

come out of membrane

Question 40

gylcolayx, fuzzy coat

Answer 40

involved with outer leaflet, made of glycoprotein and glycolipid, contract inabition (stop dividing)

Question 41

how many ATP per glucose are the result of ETC in mitochondria

Answer 41

34