Final Terms Part 3

Question 1

charged tRNA

Answer 1

plays an important role in translation, charged when an animo acid is attached to it, transfers the a.a. to the ribosome

Question 2

anticodon

Answer 2

3 nucleotide sequence on tRNA that recognizes a codon on RNA

Question 3

genetic code

Answer 3

open reading frame that codes for proteins

Question 4

degeneracy

Answer 4

redundant- more than 1 codon occurs for each a.a. the 3rd nt might be different

Question 5

wobble

Answer 5

base pair between tRNA anticodon and mRNA

codon doesn’t ecessarily follow complimentary rules at 3rd nucleotide

Question 6

open reading frame

Answer 6

(ORF)

the codons of mRNA that are read sequentially to specific amino acis

Question 7

ribosome

Answer 7

has large and small subunit- used to create proteins

Question 8

mutation

Answer 8

change in genetic code

Question 9

mutagen

Answer 9

mutation causing agent

chemicals, UV, radiation, etc

Question 10

nonsense mutation

Answer 10

causes a premature stop codon

Question 11

missense mutation

Answer 11

causes a different amino acid to be placed

Question 12

frameshift

Answer 12

insertion or deletion causes reading frame to shift

Question 13

neutral muation

Answer 13

replacing 1 amino acid with a similar amino acid (from same group)
mild or no phenotypic effect

Question 14

silent mutation

Answer 14

change 1 codon fro a.a. mutates to a codon that codes for the same a.a.

Question 15

point mutation

Answer 15

replacement of a single nt

Question 16

gain of function

Answer 16

cause gene product to have more activity

Question 17

loss of function

Answer 17

results in partially or fully nonfunctional gene product

Question 18

null allele

Answer 18

fully nonfunctional gene product

Question 19

transposable elements

Answer 19

segments of DNA that have the capacity to move in the genome

Question 20

chromatin remodeling

Answer 20

histone core is moved so that the gene is accessable for transcription

Question 21

RNAi

Answer 21

regulatory RNAs control target mRNA degradation

Question 22

DNA methylation

Answer 22

CpG islands-methyl groups attach to promoter and gene cannot be transcribed

Question 23

histone acetylation

Answer 23

acetyl groups on histones that mask their positive charge so that affiliation between DNA and histones is lessened

Question 24

hairpin RNA

Answer 24

secondary structure of RNA (almost never linear) important for protein recognition

Question 25

RNA half-life

Answer 25

can provide information about the stability of different RNA types - might have something to do with the poly A tail

Question 26

aneuploidy

Answer 26

not a multiple of normal haploid set; one or more extra/missing chromosomes

Question 27

chromosomal deletion

Answer 27

piece of chromosome gets deleted

usually because of a deletion loop

Question 28

duplication

Answer 28

occurs during recombination
piece of chromosome is duplicated
results in two normal, one duplicated and one deleated chromosomes

Question 29

translocation

Answer 29

piece of one chromosome moves to another

can be nonreciporcal or reciporcal (swapping)

Question 30

inversion

Answer 30

segment of chromosome reinserted backwards

Question 31

fragile sites

Answer 31

narrow parts of some chromosomes

trinucleotide repeat expansion