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Biology 233 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

transmission genetics

A

“classical” How traits are transmitted from generation to generation

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2
Q

Molecular genetics

A

structure and function of genes and how their expression is regulated

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3
Q

genomics

A

analysis of entire genomics

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4
Q

population genetics

A

study of a heredity in a group of individuals

-study one or a few genes

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5
Q

quantitative genetics

A

study of heredity of polygenic and multifactorial traits

ex. IQ

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6
Q

Applied research

A

research that solves a problem in society ex. cancer research

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7
Q

basic research

A

answers a fundamental question of how something works

NEED this for applied research

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8
Q

Genetic material must

A

contain, in a stable form, the information about an organism’s cell structure, functiondevelopment, and reproduction
-must be able to be expressed
-must replicate accurately
must be capable of change

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9
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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10
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

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11
Q

dsDNA

A

double stranded DNA

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12
Q

Watson and Crick designed a molecular strucure based on

A

X-ray diffraction from Franklin
Chargaff’s rule
polymer of nucleotides
knowledge of chemistry

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13
Q

nucleoside

A

base + sugar

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14
Q

Chargaff’s rule

A

1:1 ration of A:T and G:C

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15
Q

Franklin and Wilkins concluded

A 
DNA is helical
distinct regularities
Periodicities 
360o = 3.4 nm 
between bases 0.34 nm
Therefore, 10 base pairs/turn
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16
Q

major and minor grooves

A

grooves formed by angle of glycosidic bond

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17
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

RNA: hydroxyl group at 2’ carbon, uracil, genetic material for some viruses
DNA: H at 2’ carbon, thymine, genetic material from all known prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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18
Q

RNA structure

A

almost never linear

secondary structure important for protein recognition

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19
Q

DNA in prokaryotes

A

circular, found in nucleoid

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20
Q

negative supercoiling

A

untwisting the DNA

21
Q

positive supercoiling

A

twisting DNA more

22
Q

topoisomerase

A

controls amount and type of supercoiling

23
Q

topoisomerase I

A

nicks 1 side of backbone

24
Q

topoisomerase II

A

cuts both strands

25
Q

bacteria DNA packaging

A

with supercoiling

26
Q

DNA location in eukaryotes

A

nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts

27
Q

C value

A

amount of haploid DNA in base pairs

28
Q

C value paradox

A

more DNA (C value) does not mean there is increased complexity of an organism

29
Q

karyotype

A

complete set of chromosomes

30
Q

chromatin

A

DNA + proteins

31
Q

histones

A

help to pack the chromatin

positively charged bc DNA is negatively charged (phosphate groups)

32
Q

Histone types

A

H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4

33
Q

nonhistones

A 
various types
DNA replication
DNA repair
transcription
translation
34
Q

nucleosome

A

DNA around a histone

35
Q

10 nm fiber

A

nucleosomes and linker DNA

36
Q

30 nm fiber

A

nucleosomes are wound up

37
Q

chromosome scaffold

A

30 nm fiber attached to this

38
Q

linker DNA

A

DNA bt nucleosomes

39
Q

Euchromatin

A

chromatin that exhibits normal condensation and decondensation during cell cycle.
Genes are activity being transcribed
Typically devoid of repetitive sequences

40
Q

Heterochromatin

A

chromatin that is packed tightly

41
Q

Heterochromatin types

A

constitutive chromatin

facultative chromatin

42
Q

Constitutive chromatin

A

heterochromatin that is present in all cells in the same location on every chromosome
ex. centromere

43
Q

facultative chromatin

A

heterochromatin that can change during development

condenses or decondenses depending upon status of the cell

44
Q

Centromere

A

Constitutative heterochromatin
tandomly repeated DNA sequence
from a constrictive region on chromosomes
mitotic spindle fibers attach to these

45
Q

Telomeres

A

tandemly repeated DNA at the ends of linear chromosomes

Protects the stability of chromosoems from enzymes (exonucleases and DNA repair enzymes)

46
Q

Unique-sequence DNA

A

occurring once or a few times in the genome

-proteins

47
Q

Repetitive DNA

A

can occur a few times to 1 million times

  • telomeres
  • centromeres
  • ribosomal RNA
48
Q

Dispersed repeated sequences

A

repetitive DNA that is distributed at regular intervals

sequences that can copy and paste themselves

49
Q

tandemly repeated DNA

A

repeats many times in a row

-telomeres

Biology 233 (20 decks)

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