Exam 1

Question 1

transmission genetics

Answer 1

“classical” How traits are transmitted from generation to generation

Question 2

Molecular genetics

Answer 2

structure and function of genes and how their expression is regulated

Question 3

genomics

Answer 3

analysis of entire genomics

Question 4

population genetics

Answer 4

study of a heredity in a group of individuals

-study one or a few genes

Question 5

quantitative genetics

Answer 5

study of heredity of polygenic and multifactorial traits

ex. IQ

Question 6

Applied research

Answer 6

research that solves a problem in society ex. cancer research

Question 7

basic research

Answer 7

answers a fundamental question of how something works

NEED this for applied research

Question 8

Genetic material must

Answer 8

contain, in a stable form, the information about an organism’s cell structure, functiondevelopment, and reproduction
-must be able to be expressed
-must replicate accurately
must be capable of change

Question 9

DNA

Answer 9

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 10

RNA

Answer 10

ribonucleic acid

Question 11

dsDNA

Answer 11

double stranded DNA

Question 12

Watson and Crick designed a molecular strucure based on

Answer 12

X-ray diffraction from Franklin
Chargaff’s rule
polymer of nucleotides
knowledge of chemistry

Question 13

nucleoside

Answer 13

base + sugar

Question 14

Chargaff’s rule

Answer 14

1:1 ration of A:T and G:C

Question 15

Franklin and Wilkins concluded

Answer 15

DNA is helical
distinct regularities
Periodicities 
360o = 3.4 nm 
between bases 0.34 nm
Therefore, 10 base pairs/turn

Question 16

major and minor grooves

Answer 16

grooves formed by angle of glycosidic bond

Question 17

DNA vs RNA

Answer 17

RNA: hydroxyl group at 2’ carbon, uracil, genetic material for some viruses
DNA: H at 2’ carbon, thymine, genetic material from all known prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 18

RNA structure

Answer 18

almost never linear

secondary structure important for protein recognition

Question 19

DNA in prokaryotes

Answer 19

circular, found in nucleoid

Question 20

negative supercoiling

Answer 20

untwisting the DNA

Question 21

positive supercoiling

Answer 21

twisting DNA more

Question 22

topoisomerase

Answer 22

controls amount and type of supercoiling

Question 23

topoisomerase I

Answer 23

nicks 1 side of backbone

Question 24

topoisomerase II

Answer 24

cuts both strands

Question 25

bacteria DNA packaging

Answer 25

with supercoiling

Question 26

DNA location in eukaryotes

Answer 26

nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts

Question 27

C value

Answer 27

amount of haploid DNA in base pairs

Question 28

C value paradox

Answer 28

more DNA (C value) does not mean there is increased complexity of an organism

Question 29

karyotype

Answer 29

complete set of chromosomes

Question 30

chromatin

Answer 30

DNA + proteins

Question 31

histones

Answer 31

help to pack the chromatin | positively charged bc DNA is negatively charged (phosphate groups)

Question 32

Histone types

Answer 32

H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4

Question 33

nonhistones

Answer 33

``` various types DNA replication DNA repair transcription translation ```

Question 34

nucleosome

Answer 34

DNA around a histone

Question 35

10 nm fiber

Answer 35

nucleosomes and linker DNA

Question 36

30 nm fiber

Answer 36

nucleosomes are wound up

Question 37

chromosome scaffold

Answer 37

30 nm fiber attached to this

Question 38

linker DNA

Answer 38

DNA bt nucleosomes

Question 39

Euchromatin

Answer 39

chromatin that exhibits normal condensation and decondensation during cell cycle. Genes are activity being transcribed Typically devoid of repetitive sequences

Question 40

Heterochromatin

Answer 40

chromatin that is packed tightly

Question 41

Heterochromatin types

Answer 41

constitutive chromatin | facultative chromatin

Question 42

Constitutive chromatin

Answer 42

heterochromatin that is present in all cells in the same location on every chromosome ex. centromere

Question 43

facultative chromatin

Answer 43

heterochromatin that can change during development | condenses or decondenses depending upon status of the cell

Question 44

Centromere

Answer 44

Constitutative heterochromatin tandomly repeated DNA sequence from a constrictive region on chromosomes mitotic spindle fibers attach to these

Question 45

Telomeres

Answer 45

tandemly repeated DNA at the ends of linear chromosomes | Protects the stability of chromosoems from enzymes (exonucleases and DNA repair enzymes)

Question 46

Unique-sequence DNA

Answer 46

occurring once or a few times in the genome | -proteins

Question 47

Repetitive DNA

Answer 47

can occur a few times to 1 million times - telomeres - centromeres - ribosomal RNA

Question 48

Dispersed repeated sequences

Answer 48

repetitive DNA that is distributed at regular intervals | sequences that can copy and paste themselves

Question 49

tandemly repeated DNA

Answer 49

repeats many times in a row | -telomeres