Exam 2 part 5

Question 1

Chromosome mutations

Answer 1

change from normal chromosome structure and/or number
change in gene expression pattern, if organism is viable
detectable through karyotyping
occurs commonly

Question 2

Euploid

Answer 2

number of chromosomes in individual’s cells is a multiple of normal haploid set

Question 3

aneuploid

Answer 3

not a multiple of normal haploid set; one or more extra/missing chromosomes

Question 4

Nondisjunction

Answer 4

homologous chromosomes during anaphase I or sister chromatids during anaphase II do no segregate properly

Question 5

Nullisomy

Answer 5

both homologous chromosomes are absent

embyronic lethal

Question 6

Monosomy

Answer 6

one chromosome missing 2n-1

Question 7

trisomy

Answer 7

one extra chromosome

2n+1

Question 8

tetrasomy

Answer 8

2 extra chromosomes

2n+2

Question 9

Trisomy 21 and advanced maternal age

Answer 9

oocytes are arrested in prophase I each moth after puberty, meiosis continues in 1 egg

Question 10

Monoploidy

Answer 10

one set

Question 11

Diploidy

Answer 11

2 sets

Question 12

Polyploidy

Answer 12

at least 2 sets

Question 13

Ploidy levels

Answer 13

monoploidy
diploidy
polyploidy

Question 14

Monoploidy vs Haploidy

Answer 14

Monoploidy results from mitosis

Haploidly results from meiosis

Question 15

autopolyploidy

Answer 15

extra set of chromosomes is identical to noromal haploid set

Question 16

allopolyploidy

Answer 16

chromosome come from 2 different species to produce a hybrid

Question 17

endopolyploidy

Answer 17

when only certain cells of an organism are polyploid

Question 18

how chromosome structure changes occur

Answer 18

by breaks in chromosomes

general errors in recombination

Question 19

Types of chromosomal structure changes

Answer 19

deletions
duplications
inversions
translocations

Question 20

Deletion

Answer 20

Part of a chromosome gets looped and breaks, then lost

Question 21

Consequences of deletion

Answer 21

-if deletion of recessive allele, normal phenotype
-pseudodominance
Haploinsufficiency
Acentric chromosome

Question 22

Pseudodominance

Answer 22

deletion of a dominant allele and unmasking of recessive allele

Question 23

acentric chromosome

Answer 23

deletion removes centromere

-nondisjuction

Question 24

Duplication

Answer 24

Occurs during recombination

results in 2 normal chromosomes, one deletion chromosome, and one duplication chromosome

Question 25

consequences of duplication

Answer 25

gene amplification

Question 26

mutligene families

Answer 26

result from duplication.

multiple genes with related functions near each other on the same chromosome

Question 27

paralogs

Answer 27

type of homolog, 2 or more genes in an organism that have similar or identical functions

Question 28

inversions

Answer 28

segment of chromosome reinserted backwards

Question 29

consequences of inversion

Answer 29

inversion loops

position effect

Question 30

position effect

Answer 30

location of gene can effect is transcription (how close to heterochromatin)
over or under gene expression

Question 31

translocation

Answer 31

nonreciprocal or reciporcal translocation