final study guide (ch.9-13) Flashcards
What is fermentation?
a catabolic process that breaks down sugars without the use of oxygen
What does it mean to be reduced and oxidized?
to be reduced means to gain an electron and to be oxidized means to lose an electron
What is the main equation for cellular respiration?
glucose and oxygen make carbon dioxide and water as well as ATP.
what is glycolysis and what does it produce?
the breakdown of glucose producing 2 pyruvate, 2ATP, 2H2O, 2 NADH + 2H+
What is a proton motive force?
The potential energy is stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by pumping hydrogen ions across a membrane during chemiosmosis.
what are obligate anaerobes and what are facultative anaerobes?
obligate anaerobes carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration because they cannot survive with oxygen. Facultative anaerobes can carry out aerobic respiration.
What is generated during the oxidation of pyruvate?
1 CO2, 1 NADH
What happens during the oxidation of pyruvate?
Coenzyme A binds with pyruvate making Acetyl CoA which is the starting compound of the Citric Acid cycle.
What is the process of the Kreb’s cycle and what is produced?
Acetyl CoA binds with oxaloacetate to make citric acid. Citric acid is then oxidized to form oxaloacetate to start the cycle again. 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2 is produced.
What is generated during oxidative phosphorylation?
H2O and 32-34 ATP molecules
What happens in the ETC?
electrons are accepted and donated until passed to O2, the final electron acceptor which forms water.
What happens during chemiosmosis?
the ETC pumps H+ into intermembrane space then back across the membrane in ATP synthase.
How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate?
2 for each acetyl group
heterotrophs vs autotrophs
heterotrophs eat other organisms and autotrophs make their own food.
what happens to water and carbon dioxide during photosynthesis? (oxidized or reduced)
water is oxidized (loses e-) and carbon dioxide is reduced (gains e-)
explain what happens in a photosystem
a photon of light is absorbed in the pigments which excite the e- found in the pigments. The e- bounces around until it is absorbed by chlorophyll a. The e- jumps up into the final e- acceptor which is then used in an ETC.
Why is water split in photosystem II?
so that the electron can replace the ones lost from chlorophyll.
What are the three steps of the Calvin cycle?
- Carbon fixation
- splitting of step 1
- synthesizing RuBP
explain carbon fixation
rubisco helps bind CO2 (starting compound) with RuBP (finishing compound) making a 6-carbon compound
Explain step 2 of the Calvin cycle
the 6-carbon compound gets split making phosphoglycerates and becomes G3P which makes sugar
What are C4 plants?
they incorporate CO2 in 4-carbon compounds in mesophyll cells.
What are CAM plants?
they open their stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids. Stomata closes during the day and CO2 is used in the Calvin Cycle.
What are three examples of direct signaling?
gap junctions between animal cells, plasmodesmata between plant cells, and cell-cell recognition
explain the first step of cell signaling
reception is the first step in which a signal molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape
