final study guide (ch.9-13)

Question 1

What is fermentation?

Answer 1

a catabolic process that breaks down sugars without the use of oxygen

Question 2

What does it mean to be reduced and oxidized?

Answer 2

to be reduced means to gain an electron and to be oxidized means to lose an electron

Question 3

What is the main equation for cellular respiration?

Answer 3

glucose and oxygen make carbon dioxide and water as well as ATP.

Question 4

what is glycolysis and what does it produce?

Answer 4

the breakdown of glucose producing 2 pyruvate, 2ATP, 2H2O, 2 NADH + 2H+

Question 5

What is a proton motive force?

Answer 5

The potential energy is stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by pumping hydrogen ions across a membrane during chemiosmosis.

Question 6

what are obligate anaerobes and what are facultative anaerobes?

Answer 6

obligate anaerobes carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration because they cannot survive with oxygen. Facultative anaerobes can carry out aerobic respiration.

Question 7

What is generated during the oxidation of pyruvate?

Answer 7

1 CO2, 1 NADH

Question 8

What happens during the oxidation of pyruvate?

Answer 8

Coenzyme A binds with pyruvate making Acetyl CoA which is the starting compound of the Citric Acid cycle.

Question 9

What is the process of the Kreb’s cycle and what is produced?

Answer 9

Acetyl CoA binds with oxaloacetate to make citric acid. Citric acid is then oxidized to form oxaloacetate to start the cycle again. 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2 is produced.

Question 10

What is generated during oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 10

H2O and 32-34 ATP molecules

Question 11

What happens in the ETC?

Answer 11

electrons are accepted and donated until passed to O2, the final electron acceptor which forms water.

Question 12

What happens during chemiosmosis?

Answer 12

the ETC pumps H+ into intermembrane space then back across the membrane in ATP synthase.

Question 13

How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate?

Answer 13

2 for each acetyl group

Question 14

heterotrophs vs autotrophs

Answer 14

heterotrophs eat other organisms and autotrophs make their own food.

Question 15

what happens to water and carbon dioxide during photosynthesis? (oxidized or reduced)

Answer 15

water is oxidized (loses e-) and carbon dioxide is reduced (gains e-)

Question 16

explain what happens in a photosystem

Answer 16

a photon of light is absorbed in the pigments which excite the e- found in the pigments. The e- bounces around until it is absorbed by chlorophyll a. The e- jumps up into the final e- acceptor which is then used in an ETC.

Question 17

Why is water split in photosystem II?

Answer 17

so that the electron can replace the ones lost from chlorophyll.

Question 18

What are the three steps of the Calvin cycle?

Answer 18

1. Carbon fixation
2. splitting of step 1
3. synthesizing RuBP

Question 19

explain carbon fixation

Answer 19

rubisco helps bind CO2 (starting compound) with RuBP (finishing compound) making a 6-carbon compound

Question 20

Explain step 2 of the Calvin cycle

Answer 20

the 6-carbon compound gets split making phosphoglycerates and becomes G3P which makes sugar

Question 21

What are C4 plants?

Answer 21

they incorporate CO2 in 4-carbon compounds in mesophyll cells.

Question 22

What are CAM plants?

Answer 22

they open their stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids. Stomata closes during the day and CO2 is used in the Calvin Cycle.

Question 23

What are three examples of direct signaling?

Answer 23

gap junctions between animal cells, plasmodesmata between plant cells, and cell-cell recognition

Question 24

explain the first step of cell signaling

Answer 24

reception is the first step in which a signal molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape

Question 25

what are g-protein-linked receptors?

Answer 25

They look like ribbons that penetrate the membrane 7 times

Question 26

What are tyrosine kinase receptors?

Answer 26

3 tyrosines stick out of the kinases and when a signal molecule binds, they come together and activate a transduction pathway

Question 27

What are ion channel receptors?

Answer 27

When a signal molecule binds, the “gate” opens allowing ions to pass through the channel

Question 28

Explain the second step of cell signaling

Answer 28

Transduction is a cascade of molecular interactions until the response is activated. (like dominos)

Question 29

What are second messengers?

Answer 29

small molecules or ions that help to amplify the signal to create a greater response

Question 30

What is cAMP and how is it generated?

Answer 30

cAMP is a second messenger that is generated when adenylyl cyclase converts ATP into cAMP