ch.5

Question 1

what is a macromolecule?

Answer 1

large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

Question 2

what is a polymer?

Answer 2

a long molecule composed of monomers

Question 3

what are the 4 classes of life’s organic molecules? which one is not a polymer?

Answer 3

carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Lipids are not polymers.

Question 4

What are the different elements present in each macromolecule?

Answer 4

carb. COH, lipids COH, proteins COHN, nucleic acids COHNP

Question 5

What are the different polymers of carbohydrates?

Answer 5

polysaccharides, starches, and fibers (cellulose),

Question 6

how do you tell carbohydrates apart from lipids?

Answer 6

carbohydrates have a more even distribution of C, H, and O, while lipids tend to have long chains of C, and H with very few O.

Question 7

what are the monomers of carbohydrates called? name some examples.

Answer 7

they are called monosaccharides, glucose and fructose are examples.

Question 8

what is the function of carbohydrates?

Answer 8

energy and structure as well as long term storage.

Question 9

what is the chemical formula of glucose?

Answer 9

C6H12O6

Question 10

what are monosaccharides classified by?

Answer 10

location of carbonyl group and # of carbons

Question 11

what covalent bond links monomers of carbohydrates?

Answer 11

glycosidic linkages

Question 12

what is startch?

Answer 12

the storage sugars of plants

Question 13

what is glycogen?

Answer 13

the storage sugars of animals

Question 14

why can’t humans digest cellulose?

Answer 14

it is much heavier than water and has strong hydrogen bonds. also our enzymes can’t hydrolyze beta linkages.

Question 15

what is a dehydration reaction?

Answer 15

it takes a water molecule out of 2 monomers and forms a bond.

Question 16

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 16

It adds back a water molecule which separates 2 monomers.

Question 17

why are lipids hydrophobic?

Answer 17

because of their long hydrocarbon chains that are nonpolar.

Question 18

what are fats made from?

Answer 18

3 fatty acids joined by a glycerol

Question 19

what is glycerol?

Answer 19

3-carbon alcohol w/ hydroxyl group (OH) attached to each carbon.

Question 20

what is a fatty acid?

Answer 20

1 carboxyl group attached to a long carbon chain

Question 21

what is the bond that holds glycerol and fatty acids together?

Answer 21

ester linkage (through dehydration reaction)

Question 22

what is a saturated vs. unsaturated fat?

Answer 22

saturated fats have the max # of hydrogens and no double bonds. unsaturated fats have 1 or more double bonds.

Question 23

What’s a phospholipid?

Answer 23

2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic) with a phosphate group attached to glycerol. (hydrophilic). Found in cell membranes.

Question 24

what does amphipathic mean?

Answer 24

has parts that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic.

Question 25

whats the function of lipids?

Answer 25

storage and structure

Question 26

what are the functions of proteins?

Answer 26

structure, storage, transport, communication, and defense.

Question 27

what are the monomers of proteins? how many are there?

Answer 27

amino acids, there are 20 different types

Question 28

what makes up amino acids?

Answer 28

a central carbon (alpha) attached to amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (C=0, OH), R group, and a H.

Question 29

what are the bonds that connect amino acids?

Answer 29

peptide bonds

Question 30

what are the polymers of amino acids?

Answer 30

polypeptides

Question 31

explain the primary structure of proteins.

Answer 31

the unique sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.

Question 32

explain the secondary structure of proteins.

Answer 32

the hydrogen bonds cause coild and folds. alpha helix (coils) and beta pleated sheet (folds)

Question 33

explain the tertiary structure of proteins.

Answer 33

determined by r groups, many bonds. disulfide bridges may determine structure.

Question 34

explain the quarternary structure of proteins.

Answer 34

When 2 or more polypeptide chains form a macromolecule

Question 35

what are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Answer 35

nucleotides

Question 36

what are nucleotides made up of?

Answer 36

phosphate group, sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Question 37

what is the main function of dna and rna

Answer 37

to tell proteins what to do and to store genetic information.

Question 38

what are the 4 bases of dna and how do they pair?

Answer 38

adinine goes with thymine, and cytosine goes with guanine.

Question 39

what replaces thymine in RNA?

Answer 39

uracil

Question 40

where does protein synthesis occur?

Answer 40

in ribosomes

Question 41

what are the polymers of nucleic acids?

Answer 41

polynucleotides

Question 42

what is a nucleoside?

Answer 42

nitrogenous base and sugar

Question 43

what are the 2 nitrogenous bases and what do they do?

Answer 43

pyrimidines( single 6-membered ring) and purines (1 six-membered ring attached to a 5-membered ring)

Question 44

what is the bond that holds nucleotides together?

Answer 44

phosphodiester bonds

Question 45

whats a steroid?

Answer 45

lipids with a carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings

Question 46

whats a chaperonin?

Answer 46

assists proper folding of proteins

Question 47

what are the bases of purine?

Answer 47

adenine and guanine

Question 48

what is the unbranched form of startch?

Answer 48

Amylose