ch.5 Flashcards
what is a macromolecule?
large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms
what is a polymer?
a long molecule composed of monomers
what are the 4 classes of life’s organic molecules? which one is not a polymer?
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Lipids are not polymers.
What are the different elements present in each macromolecule?
carb. COH, lipids COH, proteins COHN, nucleic acids COHNP
What are the different polymers of carbohydrates?
polysaccharides, starches, and fibers (cellulose),
how do you tell carbohydrates apart from lipids?
carbohydrates have a more even distribution of C, H, and O, while lipids tend to have long chains of C, and H with very few O.
what are the monomers of carbohydrates called? name some examples.
they are called monosaccharides, glucose and fructose are examples.
what is the function of carbohydrates?
energy and structure as well as long term storage.
what is the chemical formula of glucose?
C6H12O6
what are monosaccharides classified by?
location of carbonyl group and # of carbons
what covalent bond links monomers of carbohydrates?
glycosidic linkages
what is startch?
the storage sugars of plants
what is glycogen?
the storage sugars of animals
why can’t humans digest cellulose?
it is much heavier than water and has strong hydrogen bonds. also our enzymes can’t hydrolyze beta linkages.
what is a dehydration reaction?
it takes a water molecule out of 2 monomers and forms a bond.
what is a hydrolysis reaction?
It adds back a water molecule which separates 2 monomers.
why are lipids hydrophobic?
because of their long hydrocarbon chains that are nonpolar.
what are fats made from?
3 fatty acids joined by a glycerol
what is glycerol?
3-carbon alcohol w/ hydroxyl group (OH) attached to each carbon.
what is a fatty acid?
1 carboxyl group attached to a long carbon chain
what is the bond that holds glycerol and fatty acids together?
ester linkage (through dehydration reaction)
what is a saturated vs. unsaturated fat?
saturated fats have the max # of hydrogens and no double bonds. unsaturated fats have 1 or more double bonds.
What’s a phospholipid?
2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic) with a phosphate group attached to glycerol. (hydrophilic). Found in cell membranes.
what does amphipathic mean?
has parts that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
whats the function of lipids?
storage and structure
what are the functions of proteins?
structure, storage, transport, communication, and defense.
what are the monomers of proteins? how many are there?
amino acids, there are 20 different types
what makes up amino acids?
a central carbon (alpha) attached to amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (C=0, OH), R group, and a H.
what are the bonds that connect amino acids?
peptide bonds
what are the polymers of amino acids?
polypeptides
explain the primary structure of proteins.
the unique sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
explain the secondary structure of proteins.
the hydrogen bonds cause coild and folds. alpha helix (coils) and beta pleated sheet (folds)
explain the tertiary structure of proteins.
determined by r groups, many bonds. disulfide bridges may determine structure.
explain the quarternary structure of proteins.
When 2 or more polypeptide chains form a macromolecule
what are the monomers of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
what are nucleotides made up of?
phosphate group, sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
what is the main function of dna and rna
to tell proteins what to do and to store genetic information.
what are the 4 bases of dna and how do they pair?
adinine goes with thymine, and cytosine goes with guanine.
what replaces thymine in RNA?
uracil
where does protein synthesis occur?
in ribosomes
what are the polymers of nucleic acids?
polynucleotides
what is a nucleoside?
nitrogenous base and sugar
what are the 2 nitrogenous bases and what do they do?
pyrimidines( single 6-membered ring) and purines (1 six-membered ring attached to a 5-membered ring)
what is the bond that holds nucleotides together?
phosphodiester bonds
whats a steroid?
lipids with a carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings
whats a chaperonin?
assists proper folding of proteins
what are the bases of purine?
adenine and guanine
what is the unbranched form of startch?
Amylose
