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HOE > Final Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries located in the kidneys

A

Renal arteries

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2
Q

Cardinal signs of diabetes Miletus

A

Polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria

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3
Q

Causes of heart sounds

A

S1- lub- tricuspid and mitral valves close

S2- dub- pulmonic valve close

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4
Q

Characteristics of fertilization

A

Sperm and egg combine to create the zygote within the Fallopian tubes

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5
Q

Characteristics of saliva

A

99% water her 0.5% consists of electrolytes, mucus, glycoproteins, enzymes, antibacterial, and bacteria compounds such as secretory IgA and lysozyme

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6
Q

Absorption

A

When a tissue takes int he nutrients into itself

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7
Q

Define agglutination

A

a reaction in which particles (as red blood cells or bacteria) suspended in a liquid collect into clumps and which occurs especially as a serological response to a specific antibody.

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8
Q

Alkali reserve

A

the concentration of one or more basic ions or substances in a fluid medium that buffer its pH by neutralizing acid; especially : the concentration of bicarbonate in the blood.

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9
Q

Ammonia

A

a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent smell. It dissolves in water to give a strongly alkaline solution.
a solution of ammonia used as a cleaning fluid.

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10
Q

Anabolism

A

the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism.

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11
Q

Anti bodies

A

a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances that the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood.

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12
Q

Artery

A

any of the muscular-walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood (mainly that which has been oxygenated) is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body.

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13
Q

Atrial depolarization

A

Depolarization occurs in the four chambers of the heart: both atria first, and then both ventricles. The sinoatrial (SA) node on the wall of the right atrium initiates depolarization in the right and left atria, causing contraction, which is symbolized by the P wave on an electrocardiogram.It is

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14
Q

Repolarization

A

Restoration of the electrical potential of the myocardial

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15
Q

Catabolism

A

the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism.

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16
Q

Capillaries

A

any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules.

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17
Q

Cerebral circulation

A

is the movement of blood through the network of blood vessels supplying the brain. The arteries deliver oxygenated blood, glucose and other nutrients to the brain and the veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, removing carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and other metabolic products.

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18
Q

Chemotaxis

A

movement of a motile cell or organism, or part of one, in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance.

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19
Q

Coronary circulation

A

is the circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart muscle (myocardium). The vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium are known as coronary arteries. The vessels that remove the deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle are known as cardiac veins.

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20
Q

Diapedesis

A

the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.

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21
Q

Digestion

A

breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body.

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22
Q

Dypsnea

A

Difficulty or labor breathing

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23
Q

Embryonic period

A

Goes from fertilization to 10th week of gestation

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24
Q

Endometrium

A

Inner lining of the uterus

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25
Q

Define haptens

A

a small molecule that, when combined with a larger carrier such as a protein, can elicit the production of antibodies that bind specifically to it (in the free or combined state).

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26
Q

Hemocytoblast

A

a stem cell for blood-cellular elements; especially : one considered competent to produce all types of blood cell—called also lymphoidocyte.

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27
Q

Hepatic portal circulation

A

a group of veins that carry blood from the capillaries of the stomach, intestine, spleen, and pancreas

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28
Q

Ingestion

A

is the consumption of a substance by an organism. In animals, it normally is accomplished by taking in the substance through the mouth into the gastrointestinal tract, such as through eating or drinking.

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29
Q

Ions

A

an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

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30
Q

Islets of langerhans

A

produce insulin and secrete other hormones

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31
Q

Ketone bodies

A

Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat instead of the sugar glucose for energy. The ketone bodies – acetone, acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate – are toxic acidic chemicals. They build up in the blood and then spill over into the urine. The body can also rid itself of acetone through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor.H

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32
Q

Leukopenia

A

Part of the nephron

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33
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing

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34
Q

Megakaryocyte

A

Megakaryocytes are cells that have lost their proliferative abilities and undergo a complex process of maturation

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35
Q

NK cell

A

Natural killer cell

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36
Q

Glomerular capsule

A

Obtains the glomerulus

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37
Q

Nephron

A

The functional unit of the kidney

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38
Q

Opsonization

A

Renders a particle more easily phagocytosed. C3 tickover: This term occasionally is used to describe spontaneous

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39
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

Small intestine, and appendix. Destroy bacteria, generate memory lymphocytes

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40
Q

Polymorphonuclear cell

A

Granulocytes are a category of white blood cells characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. They are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN, PML, or PMNL) because of the varying shapes of the nucleus, which is usually lobed into three segments.

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41
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood back to the heart.

42
Q

Rugae

A

is a term used in anatomy that refers to a series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ. Most commonly the term is applied to the internal surface of the stomach (gastric rugae).

43
Q

Secretion

A

a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion.

44
Q

Tidal volume

A

is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied.

45
Q

Urea

A

a colorless crystalline compound that is the main nitrogenous breakdown product of protein metabolism in mammals and is excreted in urine.

46
Q

Veins

A

any of the tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body, carrying in most cases oxygen-depleted blood toward the heart.

47
Q

Ventricular depolarization

A

occurs in the four chambers of the heart: both atria first, and then both ventricles. The sinoatrial (SA) node on the wall of the right atrium initiates depolarization in the right and left atria, causing contraction, which is symbolized by the P wave on an electrocardiogram.

48
Q

Villi

A

any of numerous minute elongated projections set closely together on a surface, typically increasing its surface area for the absorption of substances, in particular.

49
Q

Discuss afterbirth

A

After the mother gives birth to the baby, the placenta is released form the body

50
Q

Boyle’s law

A

a statement in physics: the volume of a gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the pressure exerted on it.

51
Q

Charel’s law

A

a statement in physics: the volume of a given mass of gas at a constant pressure varies directly as its absolute temperature.H

52
Q

Dalton’s law

A

states that in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases.

53
Q

Henry’s law

A

At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid.”

54
Q

Laws of heart

A

The principle that the energy released by the heart when it contracts is a function of the length of its muscle fibers at the end of diastole.

55
Q

Expelling of urine and semen

A

The urethra releases both urine and semen, but

56
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis

57
Q

Phases of gastric secretion

A

Increased circulating gastrin, increased Ph secretion, decreased intragastric ph secretion

58
Q

Stages of hemostasis

A

Step 1. Vascular spasm: smooth muscle contracts causing vasoconstriction
Step2. Platelet pug formation:injury to lining exposes collagen fibers;platelets adhere
Step3. Coagulation: fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells

59
Q

ANP comes from where

A

It is stored in atrial monocytes

60
Q

Structure of the liver

A

The liver is made of

61
Q

Effects of estrogen

A

Estrogen causes the change of voice, release of hormones, and mood changes

62
Q

Passive immunity

A

Immunity that is given by an artificial source through shots or given by a doctor. Not natural or from the body

63
Q

Flow of blood through the heart

A

Not oxygenated blood is carried to the heart from the veins but oxygenated blood is carried to the body by arteries

64
Q

Relaxin function

A

It is known to mediate the hemodynamic changes that occur during pregnancy, such as increased cardiac output, increased renal blood flow, and increased arterial compliance. It also relaxes other pelvic ligaments. It is believed to soften the pubic symphysis. In males, relaxin enhances motility of sperm in semen.

65
Q

Type 1 and type 2 cells I alveoli

A

H The alveolar epithelium comprises two main cell types: the alveolar type I and alveolar type II cell. The type I cell is a complex branched cell with multiple cytoplasmic plates that are greatly attenuated and relatively devoid of organelles; these plates represent the gas exchange surface in the alveolus. On the other hand, the type II cell acts as the “caretaker” of the alveolar compartment. It responds to damage of the vulnerable type I cell by dividing and acting as a progenitor cell for both type I and type II cells. In addition, it synthesises, stores and releases pulmonary surfactant into the alveolar hypophase, where it acts to optimise conditions for gas exchange.

66
Q

Type 2 cells in alveoli

A

The alveolar epithelium comprises two main cell types: the alveolar type I and alveolar type II cell. The type I cell is a complex branched cell with multiple cytoplasmic plates that are greatly attenuated and relatively devoid of organelles; these plates represent the gas exchange surface in the alveolus. On the other hand, the type II cell acts as the “caretaker” of the alveolar compartment. It responds to damage of the vulnerable type I cell by dividing and acting as a progenitor cell for both type I and type II cells. In addition, it synthesises, stores and releases pulmonary surfactant into the alveolar hypophase, where it acts to optimise conditions for gas exchange.

67
Q

Function of inflammatory response

A

The function is to stop infection, or bring fluid to an affected are if the body

68
Q

Functions of testosterone

A

Sex drive, deepens voice, body hair growth, muscle development

69
Q

Function of vagina

A

Canal for gestation and reproduction, and the release of the uterine wall during period

70
Q

Universal donor

A

Type O +is the universal donor

71
Q

Universal recipient

A

O-

72
Q

3 parts of the small intestine in order

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

73
Q

What causes you to breath

A

The Co2 levels in the body

74
Q

What happens after fertilization

A

The zygote implants into the uterine wall and becomes an embryo then a fetus

75
Q

Site of fertilization

A

The Fallopian tubes

76
Q

Similarity of the egg and sperm

A

They have the same number of chromosomes

77
Q

Role of amylase

A

It helps with the digestion of food

78
Q

Role of platelets

A

The platelets coagulate I order to stop blood loss with I juries

79
Q

Pathway of urine

A

From kidney, to ureters. To bladder, to urethra

80
Q

Sperm characteristics to penetrate the egg

A

Has to not be killed by the acid of the uterus and the vagina and it must be a fast swimmer

81
Q

Role of secretion

A

To release hormones into the body

82
Q

Role of vitamins

A

To nourish the body and help keep it healthy and keep certain roles in the body working correctly

83
Q

Role of diapers fats in the body

A

Provides essential fatty acids that can not be produced on the body

84
Q

Role of gastrin

A

Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. It is released by G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas.

85
Q

Role of pepsin

A

Pepsin is an enzyme whose zymogen (pepsinogen) is released by the chief cells in the stomach and that degrades food proteins into peptides. It was discovered in 1836 by Theodor Schwann who also coined its name from the Greek word πέψις pepsis, meaning “digestion” (from πέπτειν peptein “to digest”).

86
Q

Role of pepsinogen

A

Pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin, which digests proteins. Pepsinogen production is stimulated by the presence of gastrin in the blood. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) converts pepsinogen to pepsin which breaks down proteins to peptides.

87
Q

Role of plasma cells

A

Plasma cells can only produce a single kind of antibody in a single class of immunoglobulin. In other words, every B cell is specific to a single antigen, but each cell can produce several thousand matching antibodies per second.

88
Q

Role of renin

A

Renin’s primary function is therefore to eventually cause an increase in blood pressure, leading to restoration of perfusion pressure in the kidneys. Renin is secreted from juxtaglomerular kidney cells, which sense changes in renal perfusion pressure, via stretch receptors in the vascular walls.

89
Q

Role of cremaster

A

In human males, the cremaster muscle is a thin layer of skeletal muscle found in the inguinal canal and scrotum between the external and internal layers of spermatic fascia, surrounding the testis and spermatic cord.

90
Q

Role of T lymphocytes

A

Hunt down and destroy cells that are infected

91
Q

Role of thymus

A

despite containing glandular tissue and producing several hormones, is much more closely associated with the immune system than with the endocrine system. The thymus serves a vital role in the training and development of T-lymphocytes or T cells, an extremely important type of white blood cell.

92
Q

Role of HCL

A

The primary role of hydrochloric acid is to sterilize the food you eat and to prevent harmful bacteria from entering the GI tract. HCL also triggers the release of enzymes such as pepsin which are essential for the digestion of protein.May 2, 2011

93
Q

Role of oxytocin

A

is normally produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It plays a role in intimacy, sexual reproduction of both sexes, and during and after childbirth as well as social bonding.

94
Q

Role of Lipase

A

is an enzyme that breaks down dietary fats into smaller molecules called fatty acids and glycerol. A small amount of lipase, called gastric lipase, is made by cells in your stomach. This enzyme specifically digests butter fat in your food.

95
Q

Role of intrinsic factor

A

it has an important role in the absorption of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) in the intestine, and failure to produce or utilize intrinsic factor results in the condition pernicious anemia.O

96
Q

Role of interferons

A

is the name given to a group of proteins known primarily for their role in inhibiting viral infections and in stimulating the entire immune system to fight disease. Research has also shown that these proteins play numerous roles in regulating many kinds of cell functions.

97
Q

Gastric lipase

A

Digests fat in the stomache

98
Q

Role of surfactant

A

is a mixture of lipids and proteins which is secreted into the alveolar space by epithelial type II cells. The main function of surfactant is to lower the surface tension at the air/liquid interface within the alveoli of the lung.

99
Q

Role of trypsin

A

Tryptic digestion is a necessary step in protein absorption as proteins are generally too large to be absorbed through the lining of the small intestine. Trypsin is produced as the inactive zymogen trypsinogen in the pancreas.

100
Q

Role of thyroxine

A

This the main hormone secreted into the bloodstream by the thyroid gland. It plays vital roles in digestion, heart and muscle function, brain development and maintenance of bones.

101
Q

QRS indicates what

A

is a name for the combination of three of the graphical deflections seen on a typical electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG). It is usually the central and most visually obvious part of the tracing. It corresponds to the depolarization of the right and left ventricles of the human heart. In adults, it normally lasts 0.06–0.10 s; in children and during physical activity, it may be shorter.

HOE (11 decks)

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