Final Study Guide

Question 1

Arteries located in the kidneys

Answer 1

Renal arteries

Question 2

Cardinal signs of diabetes Miletus

Answer 2

Polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria

Question 3

Causes of heart sounds

Answer 3

S1- lub- tricuspid and mitral valves close

S2- dub- pulmonic valve close

Question 4

Characteristics of fertilization

Answer 4

Sperm and egg combine to create the zygote within the Fallopian tubes

Question 5

Characteristics of saliva

Answer 5

99% water her 0.5% consists of electrolytes, mucus, glycoproteins, enzymes, antibacterial, and bacteria compounds such as secretory IgA and lysozyme

Question 6

Absorption

Answer 6

When a tissue takes int he nutrients into itself

Question 7

Define agglutination

Answer 7

a reaction in which particles (as red blood cells or bacteria) suspended in a liquid collect into clumps and which occurs especially as a serological response to a specific antibody.

Question 8

Alkali reserve

Answer 8

the concentration of one or more basic ions or substances in a fluid medium that buffer its pH by neutralizing acid; especially : the concentration of bicarbonate in the blood.

Question 9

Ammonia

Answer 9

a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent smell. It dissolves in water to give a strongly alkaline solution.
a solution of ammonia used as a cleaning fluid.

Question 10

Anabolism

Answer 10

the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism.

Question 11

Anti bodies

Answer 11

a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances that the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood.

Question 12

Artery

Answer 12

any of the muscular-walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood (mainly that which has been oxygenated) is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body.

Question 13

Atrial depolarization

Answer 13

Depolarization occurs in the four chambers of the heart: both atria first, and then both ventricles. The sinoatrial (SA) node on the wall of the right atrium initiates depolarization in the right and left atria, causing contraction, which is symbolized by the P wave on an electrocardiogram.It is

Question 14

Repolarization

Answer 14

Restoration of the electrical potential of the myocardial

Question 15

Catabolism

Answer 15

the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism.

Question 16

Capillaries

Answer 16

any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules.

Question 17

Cerebral circulation

Answer 17

is the movement of blood through the network of blood vessels supplying the brain. The arteries deliver oxygenated blood, glucose and other nutrients to the brain and the veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, removing carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and other metabolic products.

Question 18

Chemotaxis

Answer 18

movement of a motile cell or organism, or part of one, in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance.

Question 19

Coronary circulation

Answer 19

is the circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart muscle (myocardium). The vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium are known as coronary arteries. The vessels that remove the deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle are known as cardiac veins.

Question 20

Diapedesis

Answer 20

the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.

Question 21

Digestion

Answer 21

breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body.

Question 22

Dypsnea

Answer 22

Difficulty or labor breathing

Question 23

Embryonic period

Answer 23

Goes from fertilization to 10th week of gestation

Question 24

Endometrium

Answer 24

Inner lining of the uterus

Question 25

Define haptens

Answer 25

a small molecule that, when combined with a larger carrier such as a protein, can elicit the production of antibodies that bind specifically to it (in the free or combined state).

Question 26

Hemocytoblast

Answer 26

a stem cell for blood-cellular elements; especially : one considered competent to produce all types of blood cell—called also lymphoidocyte.

Question 27

Hepatic portal circulation

Answer 27

a group of veins that carry blood from the capillaries of the stomach, intestine, spleen, and pancreas

Question 28

Ingestion

Answer 28

is the consumption of a substance by an organism. In animals, it normally is accomplished by taking in the substance through the mouth into the gastrointestinal tract, such as through eating or drinking.

Question 29

Ions

Answer 29

an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

Question 30

Islets of langerhans

Answer 30

produce insulin and secrete other hormones

Question 31

Ketone bodies

Answer 31

Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat instead of the sugar glucose for energy. The ketone bodies -- acetone, acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate -- are toxic acidic chemicals. They build up in the blood and then spill over into the urine. The body can also rid itself of acetone through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor.H

Question 32

Leukopenia

Answer 32

Part of the nephron

Question 33

Mastication

Answer 33

Chewing

Question 34

Megakaryocyte

Answer 34

Megakaryocytes are cells that have lost their proliferative abilities and undergo a complex process of maturation

Question 35

NK cell

Answer 35

Natural killer cell

Question 36

Glomerular capsule

Answer 36

Obtains the glomerulus

Question 37

Nephron

Answer 37

The functional unit of the kidney

Question 38

Opsonization

Answer 38

Renders a particle more easily phagocytosed. C3 tickover: This term occasionally is used to describe spontaneous

Question 39

Peyer's patches

Answer 39

Small intestine, and appendix. Destroy bacteria, generate memory lymphocytes

Question 40

Polymorphonuclear cell

Answer 40

Granulocytes are a category of white blood cells characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. They are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN, PML, or PMNL) because of the varying shapes of the nucleus, which is usually lobed into three segments.

Question 41

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 41

Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood back to the heart.

Question 42

Rugae

Answer 42

is a term used in anatomy that refers to a series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ. Most commonly the term is applied to the internal surface of the stomach (gastric rugae).

Question 43

Secretion

Answer 43

a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion.

Question 44

Tidal volume

Answer 44

is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied.

Question 45

Urea

Answer 45

a colorless crystalline compound that is the main nitrogenous breakdown product of protein metabolism in mammals and is excreted in urine.

Question 46

Veins

Answer 46

any of the tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body, carrying in most cases oxygen-depleted blood toward the heart.

Question 47

Ventricular depolarization

Answer 47

occurs in the four chambers of the heart: both atria first, and then both ventricles. The sinoatrial (SA) node on the wall of the right atrium initiates depolarization in the right and left atria, causing contraction, which is symbolized by the P wave on an electrocardiogram.

Question 48

Villi

Answer 48

any of numerous minute elongated projections set closely together on a surface, typically increasing its surface area for the absorption of substances, in particular.

Question 49

Discuss afterbirth

Answer 49

After the mother gives birth to the baby, the placenta is released form the body

Question 50

Boyle's law

Answer 50

a statement in physics: the volume of a gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the pressure exerted on it.

Question 51

Charel's law

Answer 51

a statement in physics: the volume of a given mass of gas at a constant pressure varies directly as its absolute temperature.H

Question 52

Dalton's law

Answer 52

states that in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases.

Question 53

Henry's law

Answer 53

At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid."

Question 54

Laws of heart

Answer 54

The principle that the energy released by the heart when it contracts is a function of the length of its muscle fibers at the end of diastole.

Question 55

Expelling of urine and semen

Answer 55

The urethra releases both urine and semen, but

Question 56

Alimentary canal

Answer 56

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis

Question 57

Phases of gastric secretion

Answer 57

Increased circulating gastrin, increased Ph secretion, decreased intragastric ph secretion

Question 58

Stages of hemostasis

Answer 58

Step 1. Vascular spasm: smooth muscle contracts causing vasoconstriction Step2. Platelet pug formation:injury to lining exposes collagen fibers;platelets adhere Step3. Coagulation: fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells

Question 59

ANP comes from where

Answer 59

It is stored in atrial monocytes

Question 60

Structure of the liver

Answer 60

The liver is made of

Question 61

Effects of estrogen

Answer 61

Estrogen causes the change of voice, release of hormones, and mood changes

Question 62

Passive immunity

Answer 62

Immunity that is given by an artificial source through shots or given by a doctor. Not natural or from the body

Question 63

Flow of blood through the heart

Answer 63

Not oxygenated blood is carried to the heart from the veins but oxygenated blood is carried to the body by arteries

Question 64

Relaxin function

Answer 64

It is known to mediate the hemodynamic changes that occur during pregnancy, such as increased cardiac output, increased renal blood flow, and increased arterial compliance. It also relaxes other pelvic ligaments. It is believed to soften the pubic symphysis. In males, relaxin enhances motility of sperm in semen.

Question 65

Type 1 and type 2 cells I alveoli

Answer 65

H The alveolar epithelium comprises two main cell types: the alveolar type I and alveolar type II cell. The type I cell is a complex branched cell with multiple cytoplasmic plates that are greatly attenuated and relatively devoid of organelles; these plates represent the gas exchange surface in the alveolus. On the other hand, the type II cell acts as the "caretaker" of the alveolar compartment. It responds to damage of the vulnerable type I cell by dividing and acting as a progenitor cell for both type I and type II cells. In addition, it synthesises, stores and releases pulmonary surfactant into the alveolar hypophase, where it acts to optimise conditions for gas exchange.

Question 66

Type 2 cells in alveoli

Answer 66

The alveolar epithelium comprises two main cell types: the alveolar type I and alveolar type II cell. The type I cell is a complex branched cell with multiple cytoplasmic plates that are greatly attenuated and relatively devoid of organelles; these plates represent the gas exchange surface in the alveolus. On the other hand, the type II cell acts as the "caretaker" of the alveolar compartment. It responds to damage of the vulnerable type I cell by dividing and acting as a progenitor cell for both type I and type II cells. In addition, it synthesises, stores and releases pulmonary surfactant into the alveolar hypophase, where it acts to optimise conditions for gas exchange.

Question 67

Function of inflammatory response

Answer 67

The function is to stop infection, or bring fluid to an affected are if the body

Question 68

Functions of testosterone

Answer 68

Sex drive, deepens voice, body hair growth, muscle development

Question 69

Function of vagina

Answer 69

Canal for gestation and reproduction, and the release of the uterine wall during period

Question 70

Universal donor

Answer 70

Type O +is the universal donor

Question 71

Universal recipient

Answer 71

O-

Question 72

3 parts of the small intestine in order

Answer 72

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 73

What causes you to breath

Answer 73

The Co2 levels in the body

Question 74

What happens after fertilization

Answer 74

The zygote implants into the uterine wall and becomes an embryo then a fetus

Question 75

Site of fertilization

Answer 75

The Fallopian tubes

Question 76

Similarity of the egg and sperm

Answer 76

They have the same number of chromosomes

Question 77

Role of amylase

Answer 77

It helps with the digestion of food

Question 78

Role of platelets

Answer 78

The platelets coagulate I order to stop blood loss with I juries

Question 79

Pathway of urine

Answer 79

From kidney, to ureters. To bladder, to urethra

Question 80

Sperm characteristics to penetrate the egg

Answer 80

Has to not be killed by the acid of the uterus and the vagina and it must be a fast swimmer

Question 81

Role of secretion

Answer 81

To release hormones into the body

Question 82

Role of vitamins

Answer 82

To nourish the body and help keep it healthy and keep certain roles in the body working correctly

Question 83

Role of diapers fats in the body

Answer 83

Provides essential fatty acids that can not be produced on the body

Question 84

Role of gastrin

Answer 84

Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. It is released by G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas.

Question 85

Role of pepsin

Answer 85

Pepsin is an enzyme whose zymogen (pepsinogen) is released by the chief cells in the stomach and that degrades food proteins into peptides. It was discovered in 1836 by Theodor Schwann who also coined its name from the Greek word πέψις pepsis, meaning "digestion" (from πέπτειν peptein "to digest").

Question 86

Role of pepsinogen

Answer 86

Pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin, which digests proteins. Pepsinogen production is stimulated by the presence of gastrin in the blood. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) converts pepsinogen to pepsin which breaks down proteins to peptides.

Question 87

Role of plasma cells

Answer 87

Plasma cells can only produce a single kind of antibody in a single class of immunoglobulin. In other words, every B cell is specific to a single antigen, but each cell can produce several thousand matching antibodies per second.

Question 88

Role of renin

Answer 88

Renin's primary function is therefore to eventually cause an increase in blood pressure, leading to restoration of perfusion pressure in the kidneys. Renin is secreted from juxtaglomerular kidney cells, which sense changes in renal perfusion pressure, via stretch receptors in the vascular walls.

Question 89

Role of cremaster

Answer 89

In human males, the cremaster muscle is a thin layer of skeletal muscle found in the inguinal canal and scrotum between the external and internal layers of spermatic fascia, surrounding the testis and spermatic cord.

Question 90

Role of T lymphocytes

Answer 90

Hunt down and destroy cells that are infected

Question 91

Role of thymus

Answer 91

despite containing glandular tissue and producing several hormones, is much more closely associated with the immune system than with the endocrine system. The thymus serves a vital role in the training and development of T-lymphocytes or T cells, an extremely important type of white blood cell.

Question 92

Role of HCL

Answer 92

The primary role of hydrochloric acid is to sterilize the food you eat and to prevent harmful bacteria from entering the GI tract. HCL also triggers the release of enzymes such as pepsin which are essential for the digestion of protein.May 2, 2011

Question 93

Role of oxytocin

Answer 93

is normally produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It plays a role in intimacy, sexual reproduction of both sexes, and during and after childbirth as well as social bonding.

Question 94

Role of Lipase

Answer 94

is an enzyme that breaks down dietary fats into smaller molecules called fatty acids and glycerol. A small amount of lipase, called gastric lipase, is made by cells in your stomach. This enzyme specifically digests butter fat in your food.

Question 95

Role of intrinsic factor

Answer 95

it has an important role in the absorption of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) in the intestine, and failure to produce or utilize intrinsic factor results in the condition pernicious anemia.O

Question 96

Role of interferons

Answer 96

is the name given to a group of proteins known primarily for their role in inhibiting viral infections and in stimulating the entire immune system to fight disease. Research has also shown that these proteins play numerous roles in regulating many kinds of cell functions.

Question 97

Gastric lipase

Answer 97

Digests fat in the stomache

Question 98

Role of surfactant

Answer 98

is a mixture of lipids and proteins which is secreted into the alveolar space by epithelial type II cells. The main function of surfactant is to lower the surface tension at the air/liquid interface within the alveoli of the lung.

Question 99

Role of trypsin

Answer 99

Tryptic digestion is a necessary step in protein absorption as proteins are generally too large to be absorbed through the lining of the small intestine. Trypsin is produced as the inactive zymogen trypsinogen in the pancreas.

Question 100

Role of thyroxine

Answer 100

This the main hormone secreted into the bloodstream by the thyroid gland. It plays vital roles in digestion, heart and muscle function, brain development and maintenance of bones.

Question 101

QRS indicates what

Answer 101

is a name for the combination of three of the graphical deflections seen on a typical electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG). It is usually the central and most visually obvious part of the tracing. It corresponds to the depolarization of the right and left ventricles of the human heart. In adults, it normally lasts 0.06–0.10 s; in children and during physical activity, it may be shorter.