Final study guide Flashcards
0
Q
Abduction
A
Moving body part away from midline
1
Q
Abdominal cavity
A
Contains the stomachs, much of the large intestine, appendix, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen
2
Q
Adduction
A
Moving body part towards the midline
3
Q
Afferent nerves
A
Sensory nerves, carry messages from all parts of the body to the brain and the spinal cord.
4
Q
Adipose tissue
A
type of soft connective tissue is adipose, or fatty,
tissue, which stores fat as a food reserve or source
of energy, insulates the body, fills the area between
tissue fibers, and acts as padding.
5
Q
Amphiarthrosis
A
Joint. slightly movable; examples
include the attachment of the ribs to the tho-
racic vertebrae and the symphysis pubis, or
joint between the two pelvic bones
6
Q
Anatomical position
A
This
means the body is facing forward, standing erect,
and holding the arms at the sides with the palms
of the hands facing forward.
7
Q
Anatomy
A
is the study of the form and
structure of an organism.
8
Q
Anterior
A
Or ventral cavity or front cavities, contains the thoracic cavity, the diaphragm, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
9
Q
Aorta
A
Largest artery of the heart
10
Q
Aortic valve
A
is located between the left ventricle and the aorta,
the largest artery in the body. It closes when the
left ventricle is fi nished contracting, allowing
blood to fl ow into the aorta and preventing blood
from fl owing back into the left ventricle.
11
Q
Apnea
A
is a condition in which an individual stops breathing while asleep, causing a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels.
12
Q
Anachroid membrane
A
One of the three layers that protect the brain and spinal cord.The
middle layer ,delicate and weblike.It is loosely attached to
the other meninges to allow space for fluid to
flow between the layers.
13
Q
Arteries
A
carry blood away from
the heart. The aorta is the largest artery in the
body; it receives the blood from the left ventricle
of the heart.
14
Q
Arterioles
A
The smallest branches of arteries are called. They join with capillaries.
15
Q
Axon
A
Single nerve fiber that is pretty much the tail of the neuron
16
Q
Basophils
A
participate in the body’s inflammatory response; produce histamine, a vasodilator, and heparin, an anticoagulant
17
Q
Biceps bracci
A
Upper arm, Flexes lower arm and supinates hand
18
Q
Bicuspid(mitral )valve
A
is located between the left atrium and left ventri-
cle. It closes when the left ventricle is contracting,
allowing blood to fl ow into the aorta (for transport
to the body) and preventing blood from fl owing
back into the left atrium.
19
Q
Buccal cavity
A
Cavity of the mouth. For the teeth and the tongue.
20
Q
Capillaries
A
Connect arterioles with venules, the smallest veins. Capillaries are located in close proximity to almost every cell in the body. They have thin walls that contain only one layer of cells. These thin walls allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through to the cells and allow carbon
dioxide and metabolic products from the cells to enter the capillaries.
21
Q
Cardiac muscle
A
Cause the heart to beat
22
Q
Cardiac sphincter
A
a circular muscle between
the esophagus and stomach, closes after food
enters the stomach and prevents food from going
back up into the esophagus.
23
Q
Cataract
A
Lenses of the eye become foggy
24
Cellular respiration
The cells then use the
oxygen and nutrients to produce energy, water,
and carbon dioxide.
25
Centrosome
located in the cytoplasm and
near the nucleus. It contains two centrioles.
During mitosis, or cell division, the centrioles
separate. Thin cytoplasmic spindle fi bers form
between the centrioles and attach to the chro-
mosomes. This creates an even division of the
chromosomes in the two new cells.
26
Cerebellum
the section below the back of
the cerebrum. It is responsible for muscle
coordination, balance, posture, and muscle
tone.
27
Cerebrum
the largest and highest section of the brain. The outer part is arranged in folds, called convolutions, and separated into lobes. The lobes include the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital, named from the skull bones that surround them (fi gure 7-30). The cerebrum is responsible for reasoning, thought, memory, judgment, speech, sensation, sight,smell, hearing, and voluntary body move
ment.
28
Cervix of the uterus
the narrow, bottom section of the uterus which attaches to the vagina
29
Chromatin
located in the nucleus and made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein. During cell reproduction, the chromatin condenses to form rodlike structures called chromosomes.
30
Cilia
Tiny, hairlike structures, filter inhaled air to trap dust and other particles. The cilia then help move the mucous layer that lines the airways to push trapped particles toward the esophagus, where they can be swallowed.
31
Circulatory system
Carries oxygen and nutrients to body cells; carries waste products away from cells; helps produce cells
to fight infection
Includes Heart, blood vessels, blood, spleen
32
Circumduction
moving in a circle at a joint,
or moving one end of a body part in a circle
while the other end remains stationary, such
as swinging an arm in a circle
33
Cirrhosis
is a chronic destruction of liver cells
accompanied by the formation of fi brous connec-
tive and scar tissue.
34
Clotting proteins
fibrinogen and prothrombin
35
Cochlea
Part of the ear.shaped like a snail’s shell, contains delicate, hairlike cells, which compose the organ of Corti, a receptor of sound waves.
36
Color of blood
Red when oxygenated, blue without oxygen
37
Conjunctiva
Part of the eye.A mucous membrane, lines the eyelids and covers the front of the eye to provide additional protection and lubrication.
38
Connective tissue
is the supporting fabric of organs and other body parts. There are two main classes of it.
39
Contractability
The ability to contract muscles.muscle fi bers that are stimulated by nerves contract, or become short and thick, which causes movement
40
Contracture
a severe tightening of a fl exor muscle
| resulting in bending of a joint.
41
Coronal plane
Or frontal plane divides the body into a front section and a back section.
42
Coronary artery
The first branch of the aorta is the coronary artery,
which divides into a right and left coronary artery
to carry blood to the myocardium of the heart.
43
Cranial cavity
Contains brain and spinal cavity
44
Deltoid
Shoulders origin ;abducts arm
45
Dendrite
Part of a neuron Carry impulses to the cell body, connected to the axon
46
Diaphysis
The long shaft part of the bone
47
Diarthrosis
or synovial: freely movable; exam-
ples include the ball-and-socket joints of the
shoulder and hip, or the hinge joints of the
elbow and knee
48
Diencephalon
the section located between
the cerebrum and midbrain. It contains two
structures: the thalamus and hypothalamus.
49
Digestive system
known as the gastro-
intestinal system, is responsible for the physical
and chemical breakdown of food so that it can be
taken into the bloodstream and used by body
cells and tissues. The system consists of the
alimentary canal and accessory organs (fi gure
50
Distal
Body parts that are far away from the point of reference
| Example: the wrist is distal to the shoulder
51
Dorsal
Body parts on the back of the body
52
Dorsal cavity
is one long, continuous
cavity located on the back of the body. It is divided
into two sections: the cranial cavity, which con-
tains the brain, and the spinal cavity, which
contains the spinal cord.
53
Dura mater
Layer of the brain. is the thick, tough, outer layer.
54
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing
55
Efferent nerves
motor, nerves carry messages from
the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and
glands.
56
Ejaculatory ducts
are two short tubes
formed by the union of the vas deferens and the
seminal vesicles. They carry the sperm and fl uids
known collectively as semen through the prostate
gland and into the urethra.
57
Elasticity
allows the muscle to return to its
original shape after it has contracted or
stretched
58
Embolus
is a foreign substance circulating in
the bloodstream. It can be air, a blood clot, bacte-
rial clumps, a fat globule, or other similar sub-
stances. When an embolus enters an artery or
capillary too small for passage, blockage of the
blood vessel occurs.
59
Endocrine system
consists of a group of
ductless (without tubes) glands that secrete sub-
stances directly into the bloodstream. These sub-
stances are called hormones. The endocrine
system consists of the pituitary gland, thyroid
gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pan-
creas, ovaries, testes, thymus, pineal body, and
placenta.
60
Endoplasmic reticulum
a fine network of tubular structures located in the cytoplasm. This network allows for the transport of materials into and out of the nucleus, and also aids in the synthesis and storage of proteins. Rough
endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes, which are the sites for protein synthesis (pro-duction). Smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not contain ribosomes and is not present in all cells. It assists with cholesterol synthesis, fat metabolism, and detoxifi cation of drugs.
61
Endosteum
is a membrane that lines the medullary canal and keeps the yellow marrow intact. It also produces some bone growth.
62
Eosinophils
remove toxins and defend the
body from allergic reactions by producing
antihistamines
63
Epididymis
Part of male reproductive system. is a tightly coiled tube approximately 20 feet in length and located in the scrotum and above the testes. It stores the sperm while they mature and become motile (able to move by themselves). It also produces a fl uid that becomes part of the semen (fluid released during ejaculation). connects with the next tube, the vas deferens.
64
Epilepsy
pilepsy, or seizure syndrome, is a brain disorder
associated with abnormal electrical impulses in
the neurons of the brain.
65
Epiphysis
The ends of the bones.
66
Epithelial tissue
covers the surface of the body and is the main tissue in the skin. It forms the lining of the intestinal, respiratory, circulatory, and urinary tracts, as well as that of other body cavities. Epithelial tissue also forms the body glands, where it specializes to produce specific secretions for the body, such as mucus and digestive juices.
67
erythrocytes
or red blood cells, are produced in the red bone marrow at a rate of about one million per minute. They live approximately 120 days before being broken down by the
68
Excitability
irritability, the ability to respond to a stimulus such as a nerve impulse
69
Extensibility
the ability to be stretched
70
Extension
increasing the angle between two bones, or straightening a body part
71
External respirations
is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and bloodstream.
72
Factors influencing blood pressure
Look in notes
73
Factors influencing temperature
Look in notes
74
fascia
a tough, sheetlike membrane that covers and protects the tissue. Examples include the deep muscles of the trunk and back
75
Femoral artery
Large artery in the thigh
76
Flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones, or bending a body part
77
Fontanels
or “soft spots,” allow for the enlargement of the skull as
brain growth occurs. The fontanels are made of membrane and cartilage, and turn into solid bone by approximately 18 months of age.
78
Frontal plane
or coronal plane divides the body into a front section and a back section. Body parts in front of the plane, or on the front of the body, are called ventral or anterior. Body parts on the back of the body are called dorsal or posterior.
79
Function of bile
The liver secretes bile, which is used to emulsify fats in the digestive tract. Bile also makes fats water soluble, which is necessary for absorption.
80
Function of thrombocytes
also called platelets, are usually described as fragments or pieces of cells because they lack nuclei and vary in shape and size. They are important for clotting of blood.
81
Gastrocnemius
Back of the lower leg. Flexes and supinate so sole of the lower foot
82
Gluteus Maximus
Buttocks. Extends and rotates thigh
83
Golgi apparatus
a stack of membrane layers located in the cytoplasm. This structure
produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from the cell. Cells of the salivary, gastric, and pancreatic glands have large numbers of them
84
Hard palate
The roof of the mouth. is the bony structure that forms
the roof of the mouth and separates the mouth
from the nasal cavities.
85
Hemiplegia
is paralysis on one side of the body and is caused by a tumor, injury, or CVA.
86
Hemoglobin
a complex protein composed of
the protein molecule called globin and the iron
compound called heme. Hemoglobin carries both
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
87
Inferior
Body parts are lesser to the ones above them vertically
88
Insertion
The end that moves when the muscle contracts is
| called the
89
Integumentary system
Or skin.called both a membrane, because it covers the
body, and an organ, because it contains several
kinds of tissues.
90
Internal respiration
is the exchange of
carbon dioxide and oxygen between the tissue
cells and the bloodstream.
91
Involuntary muscles
He function without conscious thought.
| Ex: cardiac muscles like the heart
92
Iris
is the colored portion of the eye. It is
located behind the cornea on the front of the
choroid coat.
93
Joints
are areas where two or more bones join
| together.
94
Lateral
Body parts away from the midline when body is split in left and right halves
95
Latissimus dorsi
Located in the spine around to the chest. Expands and addicts upper arm
96
Left atrium
One of the two upper chambers of the heart. That receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends blood to the left ventricle
97
Left ventricle
receives blood from the left atrium
and pumps the blood into the aorta for transport
to the body cells.
98
Leukocytes
Jam in function is to fight infection.or white blood cells, are not as
numerous as are erythrocytes. They are formed in the bone marrow and lymph tissue.
99
Ligament
A soft connective tissue. And help hold the long bones together at the joints
100
Lining of uterus
Endometrium
101
Lymphatic system
consists of lymph,
lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphatic tissue. This system works in conjunction with the circulatory system to remove wastes and excess fl uids from the tissues
102
Lymphocytes
provide immunity for the body
by developing antibodies; protect against the
formation of cancer cells
103
Lysosomes
oval or round bodies found throughout the cytoplasm. These structures contain digestive enzymes that digest and destroy old cells, bacteria, and foreign materials, an important function of the body’s
immune system. They also fuse with stored food vacuoles to convert the food to a form that can be used by the mitochondria to
produce ATP
104
Medial
Body parts that are close to the mid line when the body is separated in the left and right halves
105
Medulla oblongata
the lowest part of the brainstem. It connects with the spinal cord
and is responsible for regulating heartbeat, respiration, swallowing, coughing, and blood pressure.
106
Medullary cavity
is a cavity in the diaphysis. It is fi lled with yellow marrow,
which is mainly a storage area for fat cells. Yellow marrow also contains cells that form leukocytes, or whit blood cells
107
Meninges
are three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord.
108
Mid brain
the section located below the cerebrum at the top of the brainstem. It is responsible for conducting impulses between brain parts and for certain eye and auditory reflexes.
109
Midsagittial plane
Splits the body in half into left and right planes
110
Mitochondria
rod-shaped organelles located throughout the cytoplasm. These are
often called the “furnaces” or “powerhouses” of the cell because they break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the major energy source of the cell
111
Mitral valve
is located between the left atrium and left ventricle. It closes when the left ventricle is contracting, allowing blood to fl ow into the aorta (for transport to the body) and preventing blood from flowing back into the left atrium.
112
Muscle tissue
produces power and movement by contraction of muscle fi bers.
113
Muscle tone
The state of partial contraction.and is sometimes
| described as a state of readiness to act
114
Myelin
lipid covering over the axon in a nerve
115
Neuron
Or nerve cell,containers dendrites and axon
116
Neutrophils
phagocytize bacteria by secreting an enzyme called lysozyme
117
Nucleolus
one or more small, round bodies
located inside the nucleus, and important in
cell reproduction. Ribosomes, made of ribo-
nucleic acid (RNA) and protein, are manufac-
tured in it
118
Olfactory receptors
Are responsible for the sense of smell. Located in the upper nasal cavity. Impulses are sent from this receptor by the olfactory nerve.
119
Orbital cavity
Cavity for the eyes
120
Order of the large intestine
Cecum, ascending colon , transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
121
Organ of corti
In the ear, hairlike cells, and is a receptor of sound waves.it transmits impulses from the sound wave to the auditory nerve
122
Organelles
or cell structures that help a
| cell to function, are located in the cytoplasm.
123
Origin
Point of reference
124
Ovaries
Part of female reproduction system. Where the eggs are made and held.
125
Pancreas
A glandular organ that is located jut behind the stomache. Is produces pancreatic juices and insulin.
126
Paraplegia
is paralysis in the lower extremities or
lower part of the body and is caused by a spinal
cord injury.
127
Parasympathetic system
This is what gets your nerves down after the race
128
Pathophysiology
is the study of how disease occurs and the responses of
| living organisms to disease processes.
129
Pectoralis major
In the upper chest. Addicts and flexes upper arm
130
Pelvic cavity
contains the urinary bladder, the
reproductive organs, and the last part of the large
intestine.
131
Perineum
defined as the area between the vagina and anus in the
female body, although it can be used to describe
the entire pelvic fl oor in both the male and female
individual.
132
Pharyngeal tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils (also called adenoids)
located in the nasopharynx (the upper part of
the throat)
133
Phlebitis
Inflammation of an artery
134
Physiology
is the
study of the processes of living organisms, or why
and how they work.
135
Pia mater
Inside membrane that covers the brain tightly
136
Pinocytic vesicles
pocketlike folds in the
cell membrane. These folds allow large molecules such as proteins and fats to enter the
cell.
137
Platelets
Or thrombocytes
138
Pleura
Each lung is enclosed in
| a membrane, or sac, called the pleura
139
Posterior
The back side of a person
140
Proximal
Point of reference
141
Pulmonary valve
Located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.It closes when the right ventricle has finished contracting, preventing blood from fl owing back into the right ventricle.
142
Pupil
The opening in the center of the iris
| is called the pupil. It regulates the amount of light that goes into the eye
143
pyloric sphincter
The pyloric sphincter, a circular muscle between the stomach and
small intestine, keeps food in the stomach until
the food is ready to enter the small intestine.
144
Quadriceps femoris
Front of the thigh. Extends leg
145
Quadripeligia
paralysis of the arms,
| legs, and body below the spinal cord injury.
146
Neurilemma
A layer of cells composed of one or more Schwann cells that forms the segmented myelin sheaths of the peripheral nerve fibers
147
Lense
Is a circular structure in the the eye behind the pupil and suspended I position by ligaments
148
Floating ribs
Have no attachment on the front of the body
149
False ribs
5 pairs. First three pairs attach to the cartilage of the rib cage the last to ribs are floating ribs
150
Bradycardia
Heart rate less than 60
151
Diastolic
Pleasure is specifically the minimum of arterial pressure during relaxation and dialation of the ventricles of the hearts hearts when the ventricles fill with blood.
152
Cornea
A circular, transparent part of the front of the sclera. Allows light rays to enter the eye
153
Carotid artery
A major artery that supplies blood to the head and neck
154
Ciliary body
Surrounds iris(colored part)
155
Pons
The section located below the midbrain in and the brainstem responsible for conducting messages to other parts of the brain
156
Pyrexia
Fever
157
Rectus abominus
Ribs to pubis(pelvis). Compresses abdomen and flexes vertebral colum
158
Red marrow
Found in certain bones such as vertebrae , ribs, sternum, and cranium, and in the proximal ends of the humerus and femur. Produces red blood cells
159
Respiratory system
Consist of the lungs and air passages, responsible for taking in oxygen, and removing carbon dioxide
160
Retina
Innermost layer of the eye. Transmit the light impulses on the optic nerve
161
Right atrium
Receives blood as it returns from the body cells
162
Right ventricle
Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps the nlood into the pulmonary artery
163
Rotation
Turning a body part around its own axis, turning the head from from side to side
164
Rugae
The mucous membrane lining of the
stomach contains folds, called rugae. These dis-
appear as the stomach fills with food and expands.
165
Salivary Amylase
Saliva also contains an enzyme (a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction) called salivary amylase, formerly known as ptyalin. Also begins the breakdown of starches and carbohydrates that can be taken into the body
166
Salivary glands
Three pairs of
salivary glands, the parotid, sublingual, and
submandibular, produce a liquid called saliva.
167
Sartorius
Front thigh. Adducts thigh and flexes the leg
168
Sclera
. The outermost layer is the tough connec-
| tive tissue called the sclera.
169
Scrotum
a sac suspended
between the thighs. The testes produce the male
sex cells called sperm, or spermatozoa,
170
Semicircular
are also located in the inner ear.
These canals contain a liquid and delicate, hair-like cells that bend when the liquid moves with head and body movements. Impulses sent from the semicircular canals to the cerebellum of the brain help to maintain our sense of balance and equilibrium.
171
Seminal vesicles
seminal vesicles are two small pouch like tubes located behind the bladder and near the junction of the vas deferens and the ejaculatory ducts. They contain a glandular lining. This lining produces a thick, yellow fluid that is rich in sugar and other substances and provides nourishment for the sperm. This fluid composes a large part of the semen.
172
Sinuses
Holes in the skill that help control temperature
173
Skeletal muscles
Attached to bone and cause voluntary movement. Produce heat and energy for the body. Help maintain posture by holding the body erect. Protects internal organs
174
Skeletal system
skeletal system is made of organs called bones. An adult human has 206 bones.functions: levers, produce red blood cells,storage, protection, framework
175
Smooth muscle
Visceral, or smooth, muscle is found in the internal organs of the body, such as those of the digestive and respiratory systems, and blood vessels and eyes. These contract to cause movement in the organs
176
Somatic system
somatic nervous system carries messages between the CNS
| and the body.
177
Spinal cavity
Contains the spinal cord
178
Sternocleidomastoid
Side of neck Turns and fl exes head
179
Structure of Fallopian tubes
are two tubes, each approximately 5 inches in length and attached to
the upper part of the uterus. The lateral ends of these tubes are located above the ovaries but are not directly connected to the ovaries. have fingerlike projections, called fimbriae. It is muscle and moves through parystolosis
180
Superior
Organs that are above the waist
181
Sympathetic system
Gets you excited"ready for the race"
182
Synarthrosis
Synarthrosis: immovable; examples are the
| suture joints of the cranium
183
Tendons
Skeletal muscles attach to bones in different
ways. Some attach by tendons,tendons, which are strong,
tough, fi brous connective-tissue cords.
184
Apulla
Outside of the Fallopian tube where fertilization takes place
185
Function of the vas deference
Tube that carries the sperm to the urethre
186
Thoracic cavity
The thoracic cavity is
located in the chest and contains the esophagus,
trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart, and large blood
vessels.
187
Thoracic vertebrae
Attached to the ribs on the dorsal side of the body
188
Thrombocytes
Thrombocytes, also called platelets, are
usually described as fragments or pieces of cells
because they lack nuclei and vary in shape and
size. Important for the clotting of blood
189
thrombophlebitis
If a thrombus, or clot, forms, the condi-
| tion is termed thrombophlebitis.
190
Tibialis anterior
Front of lower leg Flexes and inverts foot
191
Transverse plane
Plane that divides the body into a upper and lower half
192
Trapezius
Upper back and neck Extends head, moves shoulder
193
Triceps brachii
Triceps brachii Upper arm Extends and adducts lower arm
194
Tricuspid valve
is located between the right
atrium and the right ventricle. It closes when the
right ventricle contracts, allowing blood to fl ow to
the lungs and preventing blood from fl owing back
into the right atrium.
195
True ribs
The first seven pairs are called true ribs because they attach directly to the sternum, or breastbone, on the front of the body.
196
Urinary system
also known as the excre-
tory system, is responsible for removing certain
wastes and excess water from the body and for
maintaining the body’s acid–base balance. It is
one of the major body systems that maintains homeostasis, a state of equilibrium or constant state of natural balance in the internal environment of the body. The parts of the urinary system are two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and one urethra
197
Varicose veins
Varicose veins are dilated, swollen veins that have
lost elasticity and cause stasis, or decreased blood
flow.
198
Tachycardia
Above 100 beats per minute
199
Sites for peripheral pulse sites
Brachial(elbow) ,ulnar (little finger side), femoral (middle of the groin), temporal, popliteal ( behind the knee), Prosterior tibial( on the inside of the ankle), dorsalsalis pedis( top of the foot)
200
Vas deference
Is the tube that is clipped when a guy doesn't want babies anymore
201
Veins
are blood vessels that
| carry blood back to the heart.
202
Ventral
Front side of coronal plane also called anterior
203
Ventral cavity
Contains the thoracic and abdominal cavity
204
Ventricles
There are four in the brain.hollow spaces that connect with each other and with the space under the arachnoid membrane (the subarachnoid space). The ventricles are fi lled with a clear, colorless fluid calledcerebrospinal fluid.
205
Venules
Smallest veins. Connect to capillaries
206
Vestibule
Inner ear. vestibule, which acts as the entrance
| to the two other parts of the inner ear.
207
Villi
The walls of the small intestine are lined with fingerlike projections called villi. The villi contain blood capillaries and lacteals.
208
Voluntary muscles
Muscles that are moved consciously.
209
Ways to take temperature
Oral, rectal, axillary, temporal, auditory,
210
Yellow marrow
Mostly a storage area for fats. Contains leukocytes( white blood cells)
211
Orthostatic hypotension
When blood pressure drops from change in position
