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HOE > A&P Final2 > Flashcards

A&P Final2 Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of symptoms of Addison’s disease

A

Darkening areas of skin (hyperpigmentation)
Severe fatigue
Unintentional weight loss
Gastrointestinal problems, such as nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain
Dizziness or fainting
Salt cravings
Muscle or joint pains

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2
Q

3 layers of meninges

A

Dura mater, pia mater, arachnid space

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3
Q

Adaptation

A

Functional characteristics of receptors in which the magnitude of the receptor in which the magnitude of the receptor potential decreases over a period of time in response to a continuous stimulus

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4
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Liquid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye.

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5
Q

Dermatome

A

An area of the skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

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6
Q

Astigmatism

A

Irregular curvature in the cornea or lense

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7
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

The three bones in the ear, the Incus, Malleus, the Stapes

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8
Q

Auricle or Pinna

A

The flap on the external ear

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9
Q

ANS is part of what nervous system

A

PNS

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10
Q

ANS is divided into two systems

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Name for the floor of the cochlear duct

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12
Q

Carries impulses away from the cell body

A

Axon

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13
Q

Carries axons towards the cell body

A

Dendrites

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14
Q

Cataracts

A

Cloudy spots on the lense as we age

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15
Q

The cell bodies of motor neurons and inter neurons are located in the

A

Gray matter

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16
Q

The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the

A

Dorsal root gandlion

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17
Q

CNS is made of what

A

Brain and the spinal cord

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18
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Classification of receptors due to stimulus . These ware activated due to the amount or change in the concentration of certain chemicals

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19
Q

Choroid

A

Middle tunic to the eye and contains many blood vessels and well as pigment

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20
Q

Ciliary body

A

Thickening of the choroid and it fits like a collar into the area margin of the retina and the posterior margin of the iris

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21
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Composed of smooth muscle and lies in the anterior part of the ciliary body.

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22
Q

Circumvallate Papillae

A

Contains taste buds on the sides of the papillae . Largest and least numerous (7-12) forming a V at the back of the toungue

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23
Q

He CNS consists of the

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata

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24
Q

Cochlea

A

Means snail. Fluid filled structure on the inside of this ear.This structure converts the vibrations transmitted by the auditory ossicles into electrical impules sent along the cochlear nerve

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25
Q

Cochlear duct

A

Found inside the Cochlea and is the only part of the inner ear concerned with hearing. It divides the Cochlea into upper and lower sections.


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26
Q

Color blindness

A

Usually an inherited disorder in which individuals cannot distinguish between different colors.

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27
Q

Cones

A

Least numerous of the photoreceptors and are most densely concentrated in the Fovea Centralis. Involved in color perception

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28
Q

Contains the nucleus of a neuron

A

Cell body

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29
Q

Cornea

A

Anterior part of the sclera

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30
Q

Dorsal root may also be called

A

Sensory

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31
Q

Endolymph

A

The clear, potassium rich fluid that fills the Labrinith

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32
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Tube made of bone and cartilage. It is lined with mucosa and extends downward connecting the middle ear with the nasopharynx. It functions in equalizing the pressure between the middle ear and the external ear.

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33
Q

External auditory meatus

A

Canal travels inward, forewords, and then downward that connects the external ear with the middle ear

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34
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles

A

Classification of receptors due to location.these are located or very near the body surface. Typically they respond to stimuli external to the body

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35
Q

Filiform papillae

A

Does not contain taste buds. Gives feeling of texture.

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36
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Small depression in the center of the macula lutea

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37
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Type of general somatic sensory receptor that is classified by it structure. Simplest, most common and widely distributed sensory receptor found on the surface of the body and in deep visceral organs

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38
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

Contains taste buds on top of the papillae. Mushroom shaped and found all over the tongue with the highest concentration on the tip and the sides

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39
Q

General sense organs

A

Term for the microscopic receptors distributed through the body in the skin, mucosa, tissues, tendons joints,and viscera

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40
Q

Glaucoma

A

High pressure In the eye .

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41
Q

Gustatory

A

Taste

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42
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness. A condition due to the eye being shorter than normal so the image focuses behind the retina. Individual can focus far away, but not close.

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43
Q

in a reflex arc, the muscle or gland that responds to a motor impulse is called

A

effector

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44
Q

Incus

A

One of three bones of the middle ear. Also called the Anvil and is connected to the malleus and stapes

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45
Q

Information is transferred from one part of the body to another in two ways

A

Nerves, Hormones

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46
Q

in the CNS, the myelin sheath is made by cells called

A

oligodendrocytes

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47
Q

in the PNS, the myelin sheath is made by cells called

A

Schwann cell

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48
Q

in the PNS the neurolemma is formed by which part of the schawnn cells

A

Nuclei, cytoplasm

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49
Q

The name for the smooth involuntary muscles located within the eye.

A

Intrinsic eye muscle

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50
Q

Colored part of the eye consisting of smooth muscle fibers arranged to form a doughnut shaped structure.

A

Iris

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51
Q

Krause’s End bulbs

A

Egg shaped encapsulated pressure sensors found in mostly in mucus membranes that respond to touch and low frequency vibration.

52
Q

Labyrinth

A

Another name for the inner ear composed of the vestibule, cochlea and semicircular canal.

53
Q

Consists of the structures that secrete tears and drain them from the surface of the eye

A

Lacrimal Apparatus

54
Q

Can you stretch a muscle to where there is no overlap of thick an thin filaments

A

The muscle would not contract

55
Q

After you exercise you make pyruvic and it converts to

A

Lactic acid, or the waste product of muscles

56
Q

What’s another term from myosin

A

Thick filament

57
Q

Which part of the eye is avascular

A

The cornea

58
Q

What’s located at the spot where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball

A

He optic disk

59
Q

What kind of fluid is found in the anterior chamber of the eye

A

The aqueous humor

60
Q

Where is the vitreous humor found

A

Between the lense and the retina

61
Q

What stimulates your sour taste receptors

A

Hydrogen ions of the acidic food.

62
Q

The three layers of the neurons of the retinal which layer forms the optic nerve

A

H

63
Q

The three layers of neurons

A

Ganglion cells,

64
Q

Menieres syndrome

A

Cause vertigo, ear disease, can be fluid in the cochlea, usually seen with head traumas, alcohol abuse, smoke, family history
Signs and symptoms: decreased hearing m pressure in hears, ringing in the ears, and vertigo.

65
Q

Conception deafness

A

Problem with conducting sound waves. Or causes by a bone defect un the ear, or nerve damage, swimmers ear.

66
Q

What part of the eye is used for peripheral vision

A

Rods

67
Q

What is more sensitive to night vision , rods or cones?

A

Cones

68
Q

What are cones for

A

Color vision and sensitivity

69
Q

What apart of the eye controls the amount of eye that comes in

A

The iris, which controls the pupil.

70
Q

Where are the receptors for hearing located

A

In the cochlea

71
Q

What is the function of the semicircular canals

A

Balance, motion

72
Q

What are the categories for taste buds, and where are they located

A

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, savory
On the papillae, funfiform, Circum valley , fillaform, but not fillaform because it doesn’t have taste buds.
But they are are also found in the buccal membranes

73
Q

When does motion sickness occur

A

A misinterpretation between vision and vestibule

74
Q

What is the blind spot

A

You can’t see anything, and it is where the optic nerve enters and leaves. You have no photoreceptors.

75
Q

Does the light have to pass through the fibrous, vascular, and the neuro

A

Yes they have to go through all three

76
Q

What is the condition of the conjunctiva, and where is it reflected

A

It covers the sclera, covers the sclera and is reflected over the anterior chamber
Function is lubrication and protection

77
Q

Where do find white matter

A

Outside the spinal, cord and the inner brain

78
Q

Where do you find grey matter

A

Inner part of the brain except for the cerebral cortex

79
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation

A

Alertness, patterns, and it ,maintains your muscle tone and posture. And is part of the

80
Q

Afferent nerves

A

Carries to the CNS

81
Q

Efferent

A

Carries away from CNS,

motor, but motor only stimulates skeletal muscles

82
Q

What is the function of the axons

A

Axons carry messages away from the soma

83
Q

Dendrites

A

Carry to the soma

Many dendrites one axon

84
Q

What is the bodies most common neurotransmitter

A

The acetylcholine

85
Q

What makes a neuron special

A
  1. They don’t split apart , they are amytotic
  2. You are,born with a certain amount
  3. They have a long lifespan
  4. They require a lot of energy.
86
Q

What does a neuron do

A

Conduct impulses or electricity.

87
Q

The major functions of the medulla

A

He vitals, heart rate

88
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus

A

Thirst, hunger, some emotional control, tempurature, is an endocrine function

89
Q

Function of the thalamus

A

RELAY center.

90
Q

Function of the cerebellum

A

Balance , center of move,net, coordination

91
Q

Define somatic division

A

It controls everything we consciously think about

92
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

The PNS everything outside the brain and the spinal cord

93
Q

The ANS

A

Controls stuff we don’t think about

94
Q

The two parts of the ANs

A

Parasympathetic - slows things down, or finish the race or digestion or resting.
Sympathetic- fight or flight

95
Q

The function of lense

A

Allows you to focus on the light. Refracts light and allows lense to change focal points .

96
Q

Whatis the main elements needed for conduction

A

K ,Na

97
Q

What is the perimyosin

A

Surrounds the muscle fibers. Like that one question I didn’t know

98
Q

Sarcolemma

A

The membrane of the muscle fiber and

99
Q

Endomyosin

A

Covers the sarcolemma and covers each muscle fiber

100
Q

Epimysium

A

Surround the entire skeletal muscle

101
Q

What is the other word for muscle fiber

A

Muscle cell

102
Q

What is a miofilaments

A

The protein part of the muscle fiber, thick and thin ,

103
Q

What is the sarcomere

A

The working unit if the muscle

104
Q

Myofibrils

A

Made of myofibrils , contractile element

105
Q

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic recticulum

A

Stores and pumps calcium ions

106
Q

What are endorphins

A

Are a peptide that act lie morphine

107
Q

Function of lyric system

A

Emotions, long term memory, some behavior ,

Located o. Both sides of the thalamus

108
Q

How many layers are found in the epidermis

A

5 InTwo (soles of the feet palms of hand)places an four in the rest

109
Q

What layer of epidermis Is responsible for cell redevelopment and replacement

A

Stratum basal

110
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Affects endocrine and the edrinal glands( wich do not produce enough of the hormones) cause the skin to turn like a brauns itallic look

111
Q

What glands secrete sweat

A

Eccrine glands

112
Q

What is the make up of sweat

A

Water, salt, and some waste products

113
Q

What. Are the sweat glands in the ears called

A

Calked Ceruminous what is their function , secrete earwax

114
Q

Apocrine function

A

Make you stink

115
Q

What are the mammary glands

A

Located in breasts and are responsible for the production of milk

116
Q

What is the most common way to deteri e the type of burn degrees

A

Rule of nein, amount of burn damage and amount of fluid loss

117
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelial tissue

A

Lines blood vessels, and allows it to move without trapping anything.

118
Q

What is the function of collagen fibers in connective tissue

A

Tensile Strength ,

119
Q

Function of muscle fibers

A

Produces movement

120
Q

Reticular fibers function

A

Supportive

121
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Allow stretch and recoil

122
Q

What are the major components of epithelial tissue

A

Cells

123
Q

Major components of connective tissue

A

Fibers,cells, ground substance,

124
Q

How to know you have tissues damage

A

Inflammation,

125
Q

The order in which light passes through the eye

A

Cornea, aqueous humor, lense vitreous humor , retina, nerve

126
Q

Where is perilimo fluid found

A

Extra fluid found within the ear

127
Q

Function of the vestibular cochlear cranial nerve

A

Balance, equilibrium , sound

HOE (11 decks)

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