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Sports Medicine > final study guide > Flashcards

final study guide Flashcards

1
Q

sagittal plane

A

plane that divides body into left and right

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2
Q

frontal/coronal plane

A

divides the body into front and back sections

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3
Q

transverse plane

A

divides the body into top and bottom

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4
Q

Anatomical position

A

standing upright with palms facing forward

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5
Q

anterior and posterior

A

anterior: front of body
posterior: back of body

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6
Q

Abdution and Adduction

A

Abduction: away from midline
Adduction: towards midline

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7
Q

Superficial and Deep

A

Superficial: on surface of body
Deep: away from surface of body

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8
Q

Apex and Base

A

Apex: tip of an organ
Base: bottom/lower part of organ

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9
Q

Prone and Supine

A

Prone: On stomach, face down
Supine: on back, face up

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10
Q

flexion and extension

A

flexion: to bend
extension: to straighten

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11
Q

pronation and supination

A

pronation: turn palm down
supination: palm facing up

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12
Q

Inversion and Eversion

A

Inversion: turning inward (pigeon toed)
Eversion: turning outward (duck feet)

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13
Q

Internal and External rotation

A

internal rotation: turning body part inward
External rotation: turning part outward

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14
Q

Horizontal Abduction and Adduction

A

arms straight out: clapping

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15
Q

Plantarflexion and dorisflexion

A

plantarflexion: pointing toes
dorisflexion: bringing toes up

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16
Q

functions of skeletal system?

A

support soft tissue, protect internal organs, movement of limbs, storage of minerals/blood cells, forms blood cells

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17
Q

Types of bones?

A

long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones

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18
Q

Long bones

A

longer than wide- humerus, tibia (arms/legs)

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19
Q

Short bones

A

wide as they are tall- carpals and tarsals

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20
Q

flat bones

A

protection- skull, ribs, clavicle, sternum, scapula, and pelvis

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21
Q

irregular bones

A

vertebrae, sacrum: Make up spine

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22
Q

sesamoid bones

A

bones in tendons- patella

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23
Q

projection and depressions

A

projections: attachment sites for muscles

depressions: allow blood vessels and nerves to pass

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24
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

growth plate

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25
Q

periosteum

A

tissue surrounding the diaphysis

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26
Q

articular cartilage

A

smooth, protects bone, no blood supply

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27
Q

medullary cavity

A

space in bone containing bone marrow

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28
Q

ossification

A

process of making new bone

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29
Q

osteoBlast

A

cells the BUILD bone

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30
Q

osteoClast

A

cells that crush bone

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31
Q

axial skeleton

A

protection- skull, spine, rib cage, sternum, pelvis

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32
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

appendages- arms/legs, shoulder/pelvic girdle

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33
Q

what makes up the Shoulder girdle?

A

sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process) , humerus, scapula, clavicle

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34
Q

Acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, scapulothoracic, and glenohumeral are shoulder girdle what?

A

shoulder girdle joints.

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35
Q

forearm bones

A

radius (thumb side) and ulna (pinky side)

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36
Q

Hand bones

A

carpals (short bones), metacarpals, and phalanges

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37
Q

elbow motions

A

flexion/extension, pronation/supination

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38
Q

elbow motions

A

flexion/extension, pronation/supination

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39
Q

wrist motions

A

flexion/extension, radial/ulnar radiation

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40
Q

lower extremeity bones:

A

appendicular skeleton

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41
Q

hips and pelvis

A

Ischium (sit down bones), illium, femur, illiac crest

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42
Q

hip motions:

A

flexion/extension, internal/external rotation, ab/adduction

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43
Q

knee:

A

femur makes up hip and knee, patella,

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44
Q

foot:

A

calcaneus (heel bone)

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45
Q

Tarsal and metatarsal

A

tarsal- ankle bones (calcaneus)

metatarsals: arch of foot

Phalanges: toes

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46
Q

foot movements

A

flexion/extension, ankle inversion/eversion, plantar flexion/ dorisflexion

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47
Q

Spine numbers (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar):

A

cervical: 7 vertebrae, thoracic: 12 vertebrae, lumbar: 5 vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

C1: atlas
C2: axis

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48
Q

parts of spine:

A

vertebra, disc, facet joints, spinal cord, nerve roots

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49
Q

movable vs inmovable joints

A

movable: allow range of movement
immovable: little to no movement

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50
Q

Ribs:

A

true ribs: attach to sternum in front (7)
false ribs: don’t directly attach to sternum (8-10)
Floating ribs: no attachment to sternum at all (11-12)

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51
Q

Spinal cord:

A

sends motor signals down from brain, send sensory signals to brain, reflexes

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52
Q

movements of spine

A

flexion/extension, rotation, side bending (lateral flexion)

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53
Q

Bone fractures:

A

break in bone

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54
Q

direct vs indirect trauma:

A

direct: at site where force was applied

indirect: farther from where force was applied

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55
Q

Closed (simple) fracture

A

break in bone from force, no break in skin

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56
Q

open (compound) fracture

A

bone breaks completely, break in skin

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57
Q

spiral fracture:

A

caused by sudden rotation in opposite direction- S-shaped separation

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58
Q

greenstick fracture

A

incomplete break- occurs in children

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59
Q

impacted fracture

A

tissue becomes compressed: fall from height- splint immediately

60
Q

longitudinal fracture

A

bone splits along length- jumping form height

61
Q

oblique fracture

A

one end of bone twists while other is stable

62
Q

transverse fracture

A

straight line break from direct hit from outside

63
Q

comminuted fracture

A

broken bone shattered into 3+ pieces

64
Q

blowout fracture

A

blow to the eye

65
Q

avulsion fracture

A

bone separates from attachment of ligament/tendon

66
Q

stress fracture

A

small incomplete break caused by more stress than body can handle

67
Q

signs and symptoms of fracture

A

swelling, deformity, pain and tenderness, discoloration, loss of function

68
Q

Treatment for fracture

A

internal fixation: surgery

External fixation: cast, brace, etc

remodeling: absorbing and replacing bone

69
Q

subluxation and dislocation

A

subluxation: bone displaces than returns to normal

dislocation: force displaces so bone and joint no longer add up

70
Q

4 types of tissue

A

epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective

71
Q

epithelial tissue:

A

lines organs, vessels, and cavities

72
Q

nervous tissue:

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves
-controls functions

73
Q

connective tissue:

A

adipose (fat), skin, blood, or cartilage

Tendon: connects muscle to bone

Ligament: connects bone to bone

74
Q

muscles are made up of?

A

PROTEIN AND WATER

75
Q

FUNCTIONS of Muscular system

A

produce movement, produce heat, maintain posture, stabilize joints, support soft tissue, guard entrances and exits

76
Q

types of muscle

A

cardiac: found in heart; involuntary and striated

smooth: found in blood vessels and hallow organs; involuntary and unstriated

skeletal: surrounding skeleton; voluntary and striated

77
Q

3 parts of connective tissue

A

epimysium: outer layer of muscle

perimysium: layer surrounding bundle of muscle fibers

endomysium: inner layer surrounding each muscle fiber

78
Q

What is muscle fiber made up of?

A

thick/thin filaments, actin and myosin

79
Q

Muscles always work in and attach

A

pairs, origin and insertion

80
Q

agonist/ antagonist

A

agonist: responsible for movement
antagonist: resists the movement

81
Q

flexor/ Synergist

A

Flexor: Stabilize
Synergist: help do same movement

82
Q

twitch/ tetanus

A

Twitch: single contraction
Tetanus: contraction followed by another

83
Q

muscle named based on:

A

shape, size, muscle fiber direction, action, # of origins, origins and insertions, functions, and location

84
Q

4 types of soreness

A

Muscle strains: overstretch/tear of muscle or tendon
Muscle spasm: contraction of muscle
DOMS: Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (feeling after workout)
Lactic Acid: Burning feeling (by-product of muscle metabolism)

85
Q

When is DOMS felt?

A

24-72 hours after workout

86
Q

Muscle Contractions:

A

Isotonic, Isometric, Isokinetic

87
Q

Isotonic

A

Change in length and speed, resistance is constant
- bicep curl, squats

88
Q

Isometric

A

muscle contracts & no change length
-plank

89
Q

isokinetic

A

contracts and shortens at constant speed, change in resistance
-NEED machine (treadmill)

90
Q

muscle fibers:

A

type 1: slow twitch: endurance
type 2: fast twitch: strength & power

91
Q

anerobic vs aerobic respiration

A

anerobic: strength exercises: without air
aerobic: long duration (cross country): with air

92
Q

Types of Stretches:

A

Dynamic: Before exercise (movement stretch)
Static: After exercise (holding)
Ballistic: bouncing stretch (never do)
PNF: done with partner before/after activity

93
Q

Soft tissue

A

tissue that connects, supports, and surrounds structures and organs (not bone)

94
Q

skin is

A

outer covering of body

95
Q

5 signs of inflammation:

A

redness, swelling, pain, heat, loss of function

96
Q

Contusion (bruise):

A

sudden blow to the body, injures blood vessels.

3 degrees are: superficial, deep, and hemorrhage

97
Q

symptoms and treatment for contusion

A

symptoms: swelling, point tenderness, redness, warmth, ecchymosis, loss of function

treatment: PRICE

98
Q

Strain vs Sprain

A

Strain: stretch/tear in tendon/muscle

Sprain: stretch in ligament

99
Q

degree of strain and degree of sprain

A

Strain: grade1- stretched
grade 2- partial tear (most painful)
grade 3- complete tear

Sprain: 1st degree- stretched
2nd degree- partial tear (most painful)
3rd degree- complete rupture

100
Q

Symptoms of sTrain

A

local swelling, cramping inflammation, Loss of function, pain, general weakness, discoloration

Treatment: PRICE, hard cast, ibuprofen

101
Q

symptoms of Sprain

A

pain, swelling, bruising, redness, heat

treatment: PRICE

102
Q

Shin splints:

A

inflammation of connective tissue in tibia.

symptoms: soreness and mild swelling in inner part of lower le

treatment: rest, ice, pain relivers

prevention: wear right shoes, cross train, warm up

103
Q

Tennis Elbow (lateral epicondylitis)

A

overwork of tendons in elbow caused by repetitive movements

symptoms: pain going to pinky, tenderness, weakness

treatment: rest, ice,

prevention: stretch arm muscles, wear brace, proper technique

104
Q

tendonitis

A

inflammation of tendon caused by repetitive movement

symptoms: pain, swelling, hot, red, lump, grating feeling when moves

treatment: rest, ice, over the counter pain relievers

prevention: avoid stress activities, cross training, proper techniques

105
Q

stages of healing

A

acute: protection phase
- initial injury-72 hrs

sub-acute: repair phase
- 72 hrs- 6 weeks

late: remodeling
- 6 weeks- 3 months

chronic: ongoing remodeling and repair
- 3+ months

106
Q

Ice VS heat

A

Ice: First 72 hrs, if SWOLLEN/RED/HOT

Heat: After 72 hrs, if NOT swollen/red/hot

107
Q

Necessities for emergency procedures

A

Emergency action plan, proper coverage, emergency equipment, medical personnel, continue education

108
Q

emergency action plan

A

written out of who, when, and why for an emergency

4 components: emergency personnel (first responders), communication (how activate EMS), emergency equipment (AED), transportation (how we transport them)

109
Q

Medical VS NON Medical Emergencies

A

Medical: Life threatening- stop breathing, severe bleeding, eye injuries, concussion (blackout), neck/spine/heart injuries, unconsciousness

Non-Medical: Doesn’t threaten life/limb- Abrasions, minor punctures/lacerations, strains/sprains, minor concussions

110
Q

Emergency medical card

A

profile info kept on track for emergencies

111
Q

Blood is?

A

Only type of tissue throughout the body.

112
Q

Types of bleeding:

A

Arterial: Most severe!, bright red, spurts/pulse.
-Treatment: Apply pressure, call ems, tourniquet, treat for shock

Venous: Less severe than arterial, darker color blood, non pulsing
-Treatment: Apply pressure, compression bandage

Capillary: Slow oozing blood, (scraped knee), greatest risk for infection
-Treatment: wash soap and water, bandage

113
Q

Shock

A

heart and lungs don’t pump where need to.

symptoms: Cold and Clammy skin, pale face, blue lips, restlessness and anxiety

treat: call 911, maintain clear airway, elevate extremities 12 inches, lay in supine position and cover in blanket to keep body temp.

114
Q

Types of shock?

A

Hemorrhagic shock: lots of blood lost

Anaphylactic: severe allergic reaction

Psychogenic: physiological response to fear/stress (PTSD)

Metabolic: Severe loss of body fluids

115
Q

Heat stress:

A

Body no longer maintains homeostasis so temp begins to rise

avoid by: good exercise and hydration

116
Q

Heat index:

A

-Temp + Humidity

Colors:
-yellow: normal practice
-gold: unconditioned athletes no play, water breaks/breaks
-orange: frequent water breaks/breaks
-red: no play

117
Q

Heat illness care:

A

reduce body temp, fanning victim, immerse in cool water

avoid by: prevention, aware of environment, proper hydration, acclimation

118
Q

Dehydration

A

loss of more fluid than take in

symptoms: light yellow urine, headache, fatigue, feelings of thirst

treat: stop and rest, drink hydration drink, go into cool area

119
Q

Sunburn

A

overexposure to UV light from sun

treat: cold washcloth, aloe vera

prevent: use sunscreen

120
Q

Heat cramps

A

rapid water and electrolyte loss

treat: stretch with ice, fluid replacement

121
Q

Heat syncope

A

fainting

symptoms: lightheadedness/dizziness, vomiting/nausea

treat: stop activity, drink fluids

122
Q

Heat exhaustion

A

trouble dissipating heat

symptoms: cool/pale/moist skin, nausea/vomiting

treat: move to shade, fluid replacement, cool body

123
Q

Heat stroke

A

Most severe! heat regulation breaks down

symptoms: DRY/HOT skin, unconsciousness

treat: move to shade, call 911, put ice packs in groin/armpit area, remove excess clothes

124
Q

Cold stress

A

body works harder to maintain temp

125
Q

5 ways to lose heat

A

respiration: heat leaves body with every expiration

evaporation: sweating

conduction: heat goes to cooler object

radiation: transfer of heat by infared rays

convection: loss of body heat by wind

126
Q

Wind chill

A

cold temps + wind

127
Q

hypothermia

A

body heat lost faster than can be replaced

symptoms: temp 95, slurred speech, temp 85- unconsciousness, temp 75-death

treatment: call 911, warm trunk of body 1st, move to inside, give warm fluids

128
Q

Frostbite

A

skin tissue and blood vessels damaged from exposure to temps less than 32 degress

stages:
frostnip
superficial frostbite
deep frostbite

treatment: emergency care provided, give warm fluids, go inside asap

129
Q

Cardiac arrest

A

heat suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating

symptoms: unconscious during exercise, cheat pain, new onset fatigue, heart race for no reason

treat: Call 911, CPR, AED, care at hospital

prevention: comprehensive medical history, physical exam, EKG/Echocardiogram

130
Q

Head/neck/spine injuries

A

signs/symptoms: head body contorted in unnatural way, numbness, tingling in arms/legs, unconscious

response: call 911, stabilize head, log roll, preform CPR if needed

-log roll athlete into supine position to access airway

131
Q

Concussions

A

traumatic brain injury altering way brain functions

signs/symptoms: headache/pressure in head, “seeing stars”, dizziness, ringing in ears, nausea/vomiting

delayed/onset symptoms: personality changes, concentration/memory complaints, depression/mental problems

treatment: call 911/go to doctor depending on severity, take Tylenol, rest, avoid sports/driving until cleared

prevention: wear helmet and play safe

132
Q

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

A

brain degeneration caused by repetitive head trauma

symptoms: impulse control problems, aggression, depression, dementia

133
Q

FERPA

A

federal law that protects the privacy of student education records

134
Q

PHI

A

confidential identifying medical info about an individual

135
Q

liability

A

legal responsibility and accountability to another person

136
Q

HIPAA

A

Federal law protecting the privacy of medical records

137
Q

ethics

A

a system of moral principles; rules of conduct

138
Q

negligence

A

failure of a medical personnel to render proper services

139
Q

confidentiality

A

keeping medical information private

140
Q

two ways to avoid legal issues

A

stay educated and maintain CPR/ first aid certifications

141
Q

CPR:

A

1 rescuer # of compressions : breaths
- Adult, child, and infant= 30:2

Hand Placement
- Adult= 1 hand on victims chest on lower half of sternum and other hand on top of that one
- Child= use 1 or 2 hands. For most children same as adult
- Infant= 2 finger or 2 thumb just below nipple line/lower 1/2 of breastbone

Depth Of Compressions
-Adult and child= 2 inch
- Infant= 1 1/2 inch

142
Q

Steps for CPR

A

check the scene, check for responsiveness, Call 911 and get a AED, give chest compressions and breaths.

143
Q

AED:

Why is defibrillation important?

What should you do if you need to use an AED on someone who has been submerged in water?

A
  1. it can restore a regular cardiac rhythm
  2. remove victim from water and dry off chest
144
Q

Acronym for recognizing a stroke?

A

F- facial drooping
A- Arm weakness
S- Slurred speech
T- Time

145
Q

signs of an allergic reaction?

A

hives, rash, fever, swelling of tongue/throat/lips, trouble breathing

146
Q

How to care for sever bleeding of arm/leg?

A

call 911, apply pressure to stop bleeding, lie person down to prevent shock, use tourniquet, adding more gauze/bandages if bleeding through, wash hands afterwards

147
Q

Choking:

A

IF Mild: encourage victim to keep coughing or until progresses to severe

IF Severe:
- Adult/child: Abdominal thrusts
- Pregnant/Obese: Chest thrusts
- Infant: 5 back slaps and 5 chest thrusts
- if unresponsive preform CPR with addition of looking in mouth when you open airway. If you see object, sweep it out.

Sports Medicine (8 decks)

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