final study guide Flashcards
1
Q
sagittal plane
A
plane that divides body into left and right
2
Q
frontal/coronal plane
A
divides the body into front and back sections
3
Q
transverse plane
A
divides the body into top and bottom
4
Q
Anatomical position
A
standing upright with palms facing forward
5
Q
anterior and posterior
A
anterior: front of body
posterior: back of body
6
Q
Abdution and Adduction
A
Abduction: away from midline
Adduction: towards midline
7
Q
Superficial and Deep
A
Superficial: on surface of body
Deep: away from surface of body
8
Q
Apex and Base
A
Apex: tip of an organ
Base: bottom/lower part of organ
9
Q
Prone and Supine
A
Prone: On stomach, face down
Supine: on back, face up
10
Q
flexion and extension
A
flexion: to bend
extension: to straighten
11
Q
pronation and supination
A
pronation: turn palm down
supination: palm facing up
12
Q
Inversion and Eversion
A
Inversion: turning inward (pigeon toed)
Eversion: turning outward (duck feet)
13
Q
Internal and External rotation
A
internal rotation: turning body part inward
External rotation: turning part outward
14
Q
Horizontal Abduction and Adduction
A
arms straight out: clapping
15
Q
Plantarflexion and dorisflexion
A
plantarflexion: pointing toes
dorisflexion: bringing toes up
16
Q
functions of skeletal system?
A
support soft tissue, protect internal organs, movement of limbs, storage of minerals/blood cells, forms blood cells
17
Q
Types of bones?
A
long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones
18
Q
Long bones
A
longer than wide- humerus, tibia (arms/legs)
19
Q
Short bones
A
wide as they are tall- carpals and tarsals
20
Q
flat bones
A
protection- skull, ribs, clavicle, sternum, scapula, and pelvis
21
Q
irregular bones
A
vertebrae, sacrum: Make up spine
22
Q
sesamoid bones
A
bones in tendons- patella
23
Q
projection and depressions
A
projections: attachment sites for muscles
depressions: allow blood vessels and nerves to pass
24
Q
epiphyseal plate
A
growth plate
25
periosteum
tissue surrounding the diaphysis
26
articular cartilage
smooth, protects bone, no blood supply
27
medullary cavity
space in bone containing bone marrow
28
ossification
process of making new bone
29
osteoBlast
cells the BUILD bone
30
osteoClast
cells that crush bone
31
axial skeleton
protection- skull, spine, rib cage, sternum, pelvis
32
appendicular skeleton
appendages- arms/legs, shoulder/pelvic girdle
33
what makes up the Shoulder girdle?
sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process) , humerus, scapula, clavicle
34
Acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, scapulothoracic, and glenohumeral are shoulder girdle what?
shoulder girdle joints.
35
forearm bones
radius (thumb side) and ulna (pinky side)
36
Hand bones
carpals (short bones), metacarpals, and phalanges
37
elbow motions
flexion/extension, pronation/supination
38
elbow motions
flexion/extension, pronation/supination
39
wrist motions
flexion/extension, radial/ulnar radiation
40
lower extremeity bones:
appendicular skeleton
41
hips and pelvis
Ischium (sit down bones), illium, femur, illiac crest
42
hip motions:
flexion/extension, internal/external rotation, ab/adduction
43
knee:
femur makes up hip and knee, patella,
44
foot:
calcaneus (heel bone)
45
Tarsal and metatarsal
tarsal- ankle bones (calcaneus)
metatarsals: arch of foot
Phalanges: toes
46
foot movements
flexion/extension, ankle inversion/eversion, plantar flexion/ dorisflexion
47
Spine numbers (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar):
cervical: 7 vertebrae, thoracic: 12 vertebrae, lumbar: 5 vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
C1: atlas
C2: axis
48
parts of spine:
vertebra, disc, facet joints, spinal cord, nerve roots
49
movable vs inmovable joints
movable: allow range of movement
immovable: little to no movement
50
Ribs:
true ribs: attach to sternum in front (7)
false ribs: don't directly attach to sternum (8-10)
Floating ribs: no attachment to sternum at all (11-12)
51
Spinal cord:
sends motor signals down from brain, send sensory signals to brain, reflexes
52
movements of spine
flexion/extension, rotation, side bending (lateral flexion)
53
Bone fractures:
break in bone
54
direct vs indirect trauma:
direct: at site where force was applied
indirect: farther from where force was applied
55
Closed (simple) fracture
break in bone from force, no break in skin
56
open (compound) fracture
bone breaks completely, break in skin
57
spiral fracture:
caused by sudden rotation in opposite direction- S-shaped separation
58
greenstick fracture
incomplete break- occurs in children
59
impacted fracture
tissue becomes compressed: fall from height- splint immediately
60
longitudinal fracture
bone splits along length- jumping form height
61
oblique fracture
one end of bone twists while other is stable
62
transverse fracture
straight line break from direct hit from outside
63
comminuted fracture
broken bone shattered into 3+ pieces
64
blowout fracture
blow to the eye
65
avulsion fracture
bone separates from attachment of ligament/tendon
66
stress fracture
small incomplete break caused by more stress than body can handle
67
signs and symptoms of fracture
swelling, deformity, pain and tenderness, discoloration, loss of function
68
Treatment for fracture
internal fixation: surgery
External fixation: cast, brace, etc
remodeling: absorbing and replacing bone
69
subluxation and dislocation
subluxation: bone displaces than returns to normal
dislocation: force displaces so bone and joint no longer add up
70
4 types of tissue
epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective
71
epithelial tissue:
lines organs, vessels, and cavities
72
nervous tissue:
brain, spinal cord, nerves
-controls functions
73
connective tissue:
adipose (fat), skin, blood, or cartilage
Tendon: connects muscle to bone
Ligament: connects bone to bone
74
muscles are made up of?
PROTEIN AND WATER
75
FUNCTIONS of Muscular system
produce movement, produce heat, maintain posture, stabilize joints, support soft tissue, guard entrances and exits
76
types of muscle
cardiac: found in heart; involuntary and striated
smooth: found in blood vessels and hallow organs; involuntary and unstriated
skeletal: surrounding skeleton; voluntary and striated
77
3 parts of connective tissue
epimysium: outer layer of muscle
perimysium: layer surrounding bundle of muscle fibers
endomysium: inner layer surrounding each muscle fiber
78
What is muscle fiber made up of?
thick/thin filaments, actin and myosin
79
Muscles always work in and attach
pairs, origin and insertion
80
agonist/ antagonist
agonist: responsible for movement
antagonist: resists the movement
81
flexor/ Synergist
Flexor: Stabilize
Synergist: help do same movement
82
twitch/ tetanus
Twitch: single contraction
Tetanus: contraction followed by another
83
muscle named based on:
shape, size, muscle fiber direction, action, # of origins, origins and insertions, functions, and location
84
4 types of soreness
Muscle strains: overstretch/tear of muscle or tendon
Muscle spasm: contraction of muscle
DOMS: Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (feeling after workout)
Lactic Acid: Burning feeling (by-product of muscle metabolism)
85
When is DOMS felt?
24-72 hours after workout
86
Muscle Contractions:
Isotonic, Isometric, Isokinetic
87
Isotonic
Change in length and speed, resistance is constant
- bicep curl, squats
88
Isometric
muscle contracts & no change length
-plank
89
isokinetic
contracts and shortens at constant speed, change in resistance
-NEED machine (treadmill)
90
muscle fibers:
type 1: slow twitch: endurance
type 2: fast twitch: strength & power
91
anerobic vs aerobic respiration
anerobic: strength exercises: without air
aerobic: long duration (cross country): with air
92
Types of Stretches:
Dynamic: Before exercise (movement stretch)
Static: After exercise (holding)
Ballistic: bouncing stretch (never do)
PNF: done with partner before/after activity
93
Soft tissue
tissue that connects, supports, and surrounds structures and organs (not bone)
94
skin is
outer covering of body
95
5 signs of inflammation:
redness, swelling, pain, heat, loss of function
96
Contusion (bruise):
sudden blow to the body, injures blood vessels.
3 degrees are: superficial, deep, and hemorrhage
97
symptoms and treatment for contusion
symptoms: swelling, point tenderness, redness, warmth, ecchymosis, loss of function
treatment: PRICE
98
Strain vs Sprain
Strain: stretch/tear in tendon/muscle
Sprain: stretch in ligament
99
degree of strain and degree of sprain
Strain: grade1- stretched
grade 2- partial tear (most painful)
grade 3- complete tear
Sprain: 1st degree- stretched
2nd degree- partial tear (most painful)
3rd degree- complete rupture
100
Symptoms of sTrain
local swelling, cramping inflammation, Loss of function, pain, general weakness, discoloration
Treatment: PRICE, hard cast, ibuprofen
101
symptoms of Sprain
pain, swelling, bruising, redness, heat
treatment: PRICE
102
Shin splints:
inflammation of connective tissue in tibia.
symptoms: soreness and mild swelling in inner part of lower le
treatment: rest, ice, pain relivers
prevention: wear right shoes, cross train, warm up
103
Tennis Elbow (lateral epicondylitis)
overwork of tendons in elbow caused by repetitive movements
symptoms: pain going to pinky, tenderness, weakness
treatment: rest, ice,
prevention: stretch arm muscles, wear brace, proper technique
104
tendonitis
inflammation of tendon caused by repetitive movement
symptoms: pain, swelling, hot, red, lump, grating feeling when moves
treatment: rest, ice, over the counter pain relievers
prevention: avoid stress activities, cross training, proper techniques
105
stages of healing
acute: protection phase
- initial injury-72 hrs
sub-acute: repair phase
- 72 hrs- 6 weeks
late: remodeling
- 6 weeks- 3 months
chronic: ongoing remodeling and repair
- 3+ months
106
Ice VS heat
Ice: First 72 hrs, if SWOLLEN/RED/HOT
Heat: After 72 hrs, if NOT swollen/red/hot
107
Necessities for emergency procedures
Emergency action plan, proper coverage, emergency equipment, medical personnel, continue education
108
emergency action plan
written out of who, when, and why for an emergency
4 components: emergency personnel (first responders), communication (how activate EMS), emergency equipment (AED), transportation (how we transport them)
109
Medical VS NON Medical Emergencies
Medical: Life threatening- stop breathing, severe bleeding, eye injuries, concussion (blackout), neck/spine/heart injuries, unconsciousness
Non-Medical: Doesn't threaten life/limb- Abrasions, minor punctures/lacerations, strains/sprains, minor concussions
110
Emergency medical card
profile info kept on track for emergencies
111
Blood is?
Only type of tissue throughout the body.
112
Types of bleeding:
Arterial: Most severe!, bright red, spurts/pulse.
-Treatment: Apply pressure, call ems, tourniquet, treat for shock
Venous: Less severe than arterial, darker color blood, non pulsing
-Treatment: Apply pressure, compression bandage
Capillary: Slow oozing blood, (scraped knee), greatest risk for infection
-Treatment: wash soap and water, bandage
113
Shock
heart and lungs don't pump where need to.
symptoms: Cold and Clammy skin, pale face, blue lips, restlessness and anxiety
treat: call 911, maintain clear airway, elevate extremities 12 inches, lay in supine position and cover in blanket to keep body temp.
114
Types of shock?
Hemorrhagic shock: lots of blood lost
Anaphylactic: severe allergic reaction
Psychogenic: physiological response to fear/stress (PTSD)
Metabolic: Severe loss of body fluids
115
Heat stress:
Body no longer maintains homeostasis so temp begins to rise
avoid by: good exercise and hydration
116
Heat index:
-Temp + Humidity
Colors:
-yellow: normal practice
-gold: unconditioned athletes no play, water breaks/breaks
-orange: frequent water breaks/breaks
-red: no play
117
Heat illness care:
reduce body temp, fanning victim, immerse in cool water
avoid by: prevention, aware of environment, proper hydration, acclimation
118
Dehydration
loss of more fluid than take in
symptoms: light yellow urine, headache, fatigue, feelings of thirst
treat: stop and rest, drink hydration drink, go into cool area
119
Sunburn
overexposure to UV light from sun
treat: cold washcloth, aloe vera
prevent: use sunscreen
120
Heat cramps
rapid water and electrolyte loss
treat: stretch with ice, fluid replacement
121
Heat syncope
fainting
symptoms: lightheadedness/dizziness, vomiting/nausea
treat: stop activity, drink fluids
122
Heat exhaustion
trouble dissipating heat
symptoms: cool/pale/moist skin, nausea/vomiting
treat: move to shade, fluid replacement, cool body
123
Heat stroke
Most severe! heat regulation breaks down
symptoms: DRY/HOT skin, unconsciousness
treat: move to shade, call 911, put ice packs in groin/armpit area, remove excess clothes
124
Cold stress
body works harder to maintain temp
125
5 ways to lose heat
respiration: heat leaves body with every expiration
evaporation: sweating
conduction: heat goes to cooler object
radiation: transfer of heat by infared rays
convection: loss of body heat by wind
126
Wind chill
cold temps + wind
127
hypothermia
body heat lost faster than can be replaced
symptoms: temp 95, slurred speech, temp 85- unconsciousness, temp 75-death
treatment: call 911, warm trunk of body 1st, move to inside, give warm fluids
128
Frostbite
skin tissue and blood vessels damaged from exposure to temps less than 32 degress
stages:
frostnip
superficial frostbite
deep frostbite
treatment: emergency care provided, give warm fluids, go inside asap
129
Cardiac arrest
heat suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating
symptoms: unconscious during exercise, cheat pain, new onset fatigue, heart race for no reason
treat: Call 911, CPR, AED, care at hospital
prevention: comprehensive medical history, physical exam, EKG/Echocardiogram
130
Head/neck/spine injuries
signs/symptoms: head body contorted in unnatural way, numbness, tingling in arms/legs, unconscious
response: call 911, stabilize head, log roll, preform CPR if needed
-log roll athlete into supine position to access airway
131
Concussions
traumatic brain injury altering way brain functions
signs/symptoms: headache/pressure in head, "seeing stars", dizziness, ringing in ears, nausea/vomiting
delayed/onset symptoms: personality changes, concentration/memory complaints, depression/mental problems
treatment: call 911/go to doctor depending on severity, take Tylenol, rest, avoid sports/driving until cleared
prevention: wear helmet and play safe
132
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
brain degeneration caused by repetitive head trauma
symptoms: impulse control problems, aggression, depression, dementia
133
FERPA
federal law that protects the privacy of student education records
134
PHI
confidential identifying medical info about an individual
135
liability
legal responsibility and accountability to another person
136
HIPAA
Federal law protecting the privacy of medical records
137
ethics
a system of moral principles; rules of conduct
138
negligence
failure of a medical personnel to render proper services
139
confidentiality
keeping medical information private
140
two ways to avoid legal issues
stay educated and maintain CPR/ first aid certifications
141
CPR:
1 rescuer # of compressions : breaths
- Adult, child, and infant= 30:2
Hand Placement
- Adult= 1 hand on victims chest on lower half of sternum and other hand on top of that one
- Child= use 1 or 2 hands. For most children same as adult
- Infant= 2 finger or 2 thumb just below nipple line/lower 1/2 of breastbone
Depth Of Compressions
-Adult and child= 2 inch
- Infant= 1 1/2 inch
142
Steps for CPR
check the scene, check for responsiveness, Call 911 and get a AED, give chest compressions and breaths.
143
AED:
Why is defibrillation important?
What should you do if you need to use an AED on someone who has been submerged in water?
1. it can restore a regular cardiac rhythm
2. remove victim from water and dry off chest
144
Acronym for recognizing a stroke?
F- facial drooping
A- Arm weakness
S- Slurred speech
T- Time
145
signs of an allergic reaction?
hives, rash, fever, swelling of tongue/throat/lips, trouble breathing
146
How to care for sever bleeding of arm/leg?
call 911, apply pressure to stop bleeding, lie person down to prevent shock, use tourniquet, adding more gauze/bandages if bleeding through, wash hands afterwards
147
Choking:
IF Mild: encourage victim to keep coughing or until progresses to severe
IF Severe:
- Adult/child: Abdominal thrusts
- Pregnant/Obese: Chest thrusts
- Infant: 5 back slaps and 5 chest thrusts
- if unresponsive preform CPR with addition of looking in mouth when you open airway. If you see object, sweep it out.
