final study guide Flashcards
sagittal plane
plane that divides body into left and right
frontal/coronal plane
divides the body into front and back sections
transverse plane
divides the body into top and bottom
Anatomical position
standing upright with palms facing forward
anterior and posterior
anterior: front of body
posterior: back of body
Abdution and Adduction
Abduction: away from midline
Adduction: towards midline
Superficial and Deep
Superficial: on surface of body
Deep: away from surface of body
Apex and Base
Apex: tip of an organ
Base: bottom/lower part of organ
Prone and Supine
Prone: On stomach, face down
Supine: on back, face up
flexion and extension
flexion: to bend
extension: to straighten
pronation and supination
pronation: turn palm down
supination: palm facing up
Inversion and Eversion
Inversion: turning inward (pigeon toed)
Eversion: turning outward (duck feet)
Internal and External rotation
internal rotation: turning body part inward
External rotation: turning part outward
Horizontal Abduction and Adduction
arms straight out: clapping
Plantarflexion and dorisflexion
plantarflexion: pointing toes
dorisflexion: bringing toes up
functions of skeletal system?
support soft tissue, protect internal organs, movement of limbs, storage of minerals/blood cells, forms blood cells
Types of bones?
long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones
Long bones
longer than wide- humerus, tibia (arms/legs)
Short bones
wide as they are tall- carpals and tarsals
flat bones
protection- skull, ribs, clavicle, sternum, scapula, and pelvis
irregular bones
vertebrae, sacrum: Make up spine
sesamoid bones
bones in tendons- patella
projection and depressions
projections: attachment sites for muscles
depressions: allow blood vessels and nerves to pass
epiphyseal plate
growth plate
periosteum
tissue surrounding the diaphysis
articular cartilage
smooth, protects bone, no blood supply
medullary cavity
space in bone containing bone marrow
ossification
process of making new bone
osteoBlast
cells the BUILD bone
osteoClast
cells that crush bone
axial skeleton
protection- skull, spine, rib cage, sternum, pelvis
appendicular skeleton
appendages- arms/legs, shoulder/pelvic girdle
what makes up the Shoulder girdle?
sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process) , humerus, scapula, clavicle
Acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, scapulothoracic, and glenohumeral are shoulder girdle what?
shoulder girdle joints.
forearm bones
radius (thumb side) and ulna (pinky side)
Hand bones
carpals (short bones), metacarpals, and phalanges
elbow motions
flexion/extension, pronation/supination
elbow motions
flexion/extension, pronation/supination
wrist motions
flexion/extension, radial/ulnar radiation
lower extremeity bones:
appendicular skeleton
hips and pelvis
Ischium (sit down bones), illium, femur, illiac crest
hip motions:
flexion/extension, internal/external rotation, ab/adduction
knee:
femur makes up hip and knee, patella,
foot:
calcaneus (heel bone)
Tarsal and metatarsal
tarsal- ankle bones (calcaneus)
metatarsals: arch of foot
Phalanges: toes
foot movements
flexion/extension, ankle inversion/eversion, plantar flexion/ dorisflexion
Spine numbers (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar):
cervical: 7 vertebrae, thoracic: 12 vertebrae, lumbar: 5 vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
C1: atlas
C2: axis
parts of spine:
vertebra, disc, facet joints, spinal cord, nerve roots
movable vs inmovable joints
movable: allow range of movement
immovable: little to no movement
Ribs:
true ribs: attach to sternum in front (7)
false ribs: don’t directly attach to sternum (8-10)
Floating ribs: no attachment to sternum at all (11-12)
Spinal cord:
sends motor signals down from brain, send sensory signals to brain, reflexes
movements of spine
flexion/extension, rotation, side bending (lateral flexion)
Bone fractures:
break in bone
direct vs indirect trauma:
direct: at site where force was applied
indirect: farther from where force was applied
Closed (simple) fracture
break in bone from force, no break in skin
open (compound) fracture
bone breaks completely, break in skin
spiral fracture:
caused by sudden rotation in opposite direction- S-shaped separation
greenstick fracture
incomplete break- occurs in children
impacted fracture
tissue becomes compressed: fall from height- splint immediately
longitudinal fracture
bone splits along length- jumping form height
oblique fracture
one end of bone twists while other is stable
transverse fracture
straight line break from direct hit from outside
comminuted fracture
broken bone shattered into 3+ pieces
blowout fracture
blow to the eye
avulsion fracture
bone separates from attachment of ligament/tendon
stress fracture
small incomplete break caused by more stress than body can handle
signs and symptoms of fracture
swelling, deformity, pain and tenderness, discoloration, loss of function
Treatment for fracture
internal fixation: surgery
External fixation: cast, brace, etc
remodeling: absorbing and replacing bone
subluxation and dislocation
subluxation: bone displaces than returns to normal
dislocation: force displaces so bone and joint no longer add up
4 types of tissue
epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective
epithelial tissue:
lines organs, vessels, and cavities
nervous tissue:
brain, spinal cord, nerves
-controls functions
connective tissue:
adipose (fat), skin, blood, or cartilage
Tendon: connects muscle to bone
Ligament: connects bone to bone
muscles are made up of?
PROTEIN AND WATER
FUNCTIONS of Muscular system
produce movement, produce heat, maintain posture, stabilize joints, support soft tissue, guard entrances and exits
types of muscle
cardiac: found in heart; involuntary and striated
smooth: found in blood vessels and hallow organs; involuntary and unstriated
skeletal: surrounding skeleton; voluntary and striated
3 parts of connective tissue
epimysium: outer layer of muscle
perimysium: layer surrounding bundle of muscle fibers
endomysium: inner layer surrounding each muscle fiber
What is muscle fiber made up of?
thick/thin filaments, actin and myosin
Muscles always work in and attach
pairs, origin and insertion
agonist/ antagonist
agonist: responsible for movement
antagonist: resists the movement
flexor/ Synergist
Flexor: Stabilize
Synergist: help do same movement
twitch/ tetanus
Twitch: single contraction
Tetanus: contraction followed by another
muscle named based on:
shape, size, muscle fiber direction, action, # of origins, origins and insertions, functions, and location
4 types of soreness
Muscle strains: overstretch/tear of muscle or tendon
Muscle spasm: contraction of muscle
DOMS: Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (feeling after workout)
Lactic Acid: Burning feeling (by-product of muscle metabolism)
When is DOMS felt?
24-72 hours after workout
Muscle Contractions:
Isotonic, Isometric, Isokinetic
Isotonic
Change in length and speed, resistance is constant
- bicep curl, squats
Isometric
muscle contracts & no change length
-plank
isokinetic
contracts and shortens at constant speed, change in resistance
-NEED machine (treadmill)
muscle fibers:
type 1: slow twitch: endurance
type 2: fast twitch: strength & power
anerobic vs aerobic respiration
anerobic: strength exercises: without air
aerobic: long duration (cross country): with air
Types of Stretches:
Dynamic: Before exercise (movement stretch)
Static: After exercise (holding)
Ballistic: bouncing stretch (never do)
PNF: done with partner before/after activity
Soft tissue
tissue that connects, supports, and surrounds structures and organs (not bone)
skin is
outer covering of body
5 signs of inflammation:
redness, swelling, pain, heat, loss of function
Contusion (bruise):
sudden blow to the body, injures blood vessels.
3 degrees are: superficial, deep, and hemorrhage
symptoms and treatment for contusion
symptoms: swelling, point tenderness, redness, warmth, ecchymosis, loss of function
treatment: PRICE
Strain vs Sprain
Strain: stretch/tear in tendon/muscle
Sprain: stretch in ligament
degree of strain and degree of sprain
Strain: grade1- stretched
grade 2- partial tear (most painful)
grade 3- complete tear
Sprain: 1st degree- stretched
2nd degree- partial tear (most painful)
3rd degree- complete rupture
Symptoms of sTrain
local swelling, cramping inflammation, Loss of function, pain, general weakness, discoloration
Treatment: PRICE, hard cast, ibuprofen
symptoms of Sprain
pain, swelling, bruising, redness, heat
treatment: PRICE
Shin splints:
inflammation of connective tissue in tibia.
symptoms: soreness and mild swelling in inner part of lower le
treatment: rest, ice, pain relivers
prevention: wear right shoes, cross train, warm up
Tennis Elbow (lateral epicondylitis)
overwork of tendons in elbow caused by repetitive movements
symptoms: pain going to pinky, tenderness, weakness
treatment: rest, ice,
prevention: stretch arm muscles, wear brace, proper technique
tendonitis
inflammation of tendon caused by repetitive movement
symptoms: pain, swelling, hot, red, lump, grating feeling when moves
treatment: rest, ice, over the counter pain relievers
prevention: avoid stress activities, cross training, proper techniques
stages of healing
acute: protection phase
- initial injury-72 hrs
sub-acute: repair phase
- 72 hrs- 6 weeks
late: remodeling
- 6 weeks- 3 months
chronic: ongoing remodeling and repair
- 3+ months
Ice VS heat
Ice: First 72 hrs, if SWOLLEN/RED/HOT
Heat: After 72 hrs, if NOT swollen/red/hot
Necessities for emergency procedures
Emergency action plan, proper coverage, emergency equipment, medical personnel, continue education
emergency action plan
written out of who, when, and why for an emergency
4 components: emergency personnel (first responders), communication (how activate EMS), emergency equipment (AED), transportation (how we transport them)
Medical VS NON Medical Emergencies
Medical: Life threatening- stop breathing, severe bleeding, eye injuries, concussion (blackout), neck/spine/heart injuries, unconsciousness
Non-Medical: Doesn’t threaten life/limb- Abrasions, minor punctures/lacerations, strains/sprains, minor concussions
Emergency medical card
profile info kept on track for emergencies
Blood is?
Only type of tissue throughout the body.
Types of bleeding:
Arterial: Most severe!, bright red, spurts/pulse.
-Treatment: Apply pressure, call ems, tourniquet, treat for shock
Venous: Less severe than arterial, darker color blood, non pulsing
-Treatment: Apply pressure, compression bandage
Capillary: Slow oozing blood, (scraped knee), greatest risk for infection
-Treatment: wash soap and water, bandage
Shock
heart and lungs don’t pump where need to.
symptoms: Cold and Clammy skin, pale face, blue lips, restlessness and anxiety
treat: call 911, maintain clear airway, elevate extremities 12 inches, lay in supine position and cover in blanket to keep body temp.
Types of shock?
Hemorrhagic shock: lots of blood lost
Anaphylactic: severe allergic reaction
Psychogenic: physiological response to fear/stress (PTSD)
Metabolic: Severe loss of body fluids
Heat stress:
Body no longer maintains homeostasis so temp begins to rise
avoid by: good exercise and hydration
Heat index:
-Temp + Humidity
Colors:
-yellow: normal practice
-gold: unconditioned athletes no play, water breaks/breaks
-orange: frequent water breaks/breaks
-red: no play
Heat illness care:
reduce body temp, fanning victim, immerse in cool water
avoid by: prevention, aware of environment, proper hydration, acclimation
Dehydration
loss of more fluid than take in
symptoms: light yellow urine, headache, fatigue, feelings of thirst
treat: stop and rest, drink hydration drink, go into cool area
Sunburn
overexposure to UV light from sun
treat: cold washcloth, aloe vera
prevent: use sunscreen
Heat cramps
rapid water and electrolyte loss
treat: stretch with ice, fluid replacement
Heat syncope
fainting
symptoms: lightheadedness/dizziness, vomiting/nausea
treat: stop activity, drink fluids
Heat exhaustion
trouble dissipating heat
symptoms: cool/pale/moist skin, nausea/vomiting
treat: move to shade, fluid replacement, cool body
Heat stroke
Most severe! heat regulation breaks down
symptoms: DRY/HOT skin, unconsciousness
treat: move to shade, call 911, put ice packs in groin/armpit area, remove excess clothes
Cold stress
body works harder to maintain temp
5 ways to lose heat
respiration: heat leaves body with every expiration
evaporation: sweating
conduction: heat goes to cooler object
radiation: transfer of heat by infared rays
convection: loss of body heat by wind
Wind chill
cold temps + wind
hypothermia
body heat lost faster than can be replaced
symptoms: temp 95, slurred speech, temp 85- unconsciousness, temp 75-death
treatment: call 911, warm trunk of body 1st, move to inside, give warm fluids
Frostbite
skin tissue and blood vessels damaged from exposure to temps less than 32 degress
stages:
frostnip
superficial frostbite
deep frostbite
treatment: emergency care provided, give warm fluids, go inside asap
Cardiac arrest
heat suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating
symptoms: unconscious during exercise, cheat pain, new onset fatigue, heart race for no reason
treat: Call 911, CPR, AED, care at hospital
prevention: comprehensive medical history, physical exam, EKG/Echocardiogram
Head/neck/spine injuries
signs/symptoms: head body contorted in unnatural way, numbness, tingling in arms/legs, unconscious
response: call 911, stabilize head, log roll, preform CPR if needed
-log roll athlete into supine position to access airway
Concussions
traumatic brain injury altering way brain functions
signs/symptoms: headache/pressure in head, “seeing stars”, dizziness, ringing in ears, nausea/vomiting
delayed/onset symptoms: personality changes, concentration/memory complaints, depression/mental problems
treatment: call 911/go to doctor depending on severity, take Tylenol, rest, avoid sports/driving until cleared
prevention: wear helmet and play safe
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
brain degeneration caused by repetitive head trauma
symptoms: impulse control problems, aggression, depression, dementia
FERPA
federal law that protects the privacy of student education records
PHI
confidential identifying medical info about an individual
liability
legal responsibility and accountability to another person
HIPAA
Federal law protecting the privacy of medical records
ethics
a system of moral principles; rules of conduct
negligence
failure of a medical personnel to render proper services
confidentiality
keeping medical information private
two ways to avoid legal issues
stay educated and maintain CPR/ first aid certifications
CPR:
1 rescuer # of compressions : breaths
- Adult, child, and infant= 30:2
Hand Placement
- Adult= 1 hand on victims chest on lower half of sternum and other hand on top of that one
- Child= use 1 or 2 hands. For most children same as adult
- Infant= 2 finger or 2 thumb just below nipple line/lower 1/2 of breastbone
Depth Of Compressions
-Adult and child= 2 inch
- Infant= 1 1/2 inch
Steps for CPR
check the scene, check for responsiveness, Call 911 and get a AED, give chest compressions and breaths.
AED:
Why is defibrillation important?
What should you do if you need to use an AED on someone who has been submerged in water?
- it can restore a regular cardiac rhythm
- remove victim from water and dry off chest
Acronym for recognizing a stroke?
F- facial drooping
A- Arm weakness
S- Slurred speech
T- Time
signs of an allergic reaction?
hives, rash, fever, swelling of tongue/throat/lips, trouble breathing
How to care for sever bleeding of arm/leg?
call 911, apply pressure to stop bleeding, lie person down to prevent shock, use tourniquet, adding more gauze/bandages if bleeding through, wash hands afterwards
Choking:
IF Mild: encourage victim to keep coughing or until progresses to severe
IF Severe:
- Adult/child: Abdominal thrusts
- Pregnant/Obese: Chest thrusts
- Infant: 5 back slaps and 5 chest thrusts
- if unresponsive preform CPR with addition of looking in mouth when you open airway. If you see object, sweep it out.
