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IB Biology > Final Semester 2 > Flashcards

Final Semester 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Which combination of features is most in plant and animal cells?

A

Cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes

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1
Q

Which organelles have a transport function?

A

Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

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2
Q

Which pair of features is correct for both plant and prokaryotic cells?

A

Plant cell:
Contains DNA with protein
Prokaryote:
Contains naked DNA

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3
Q

In what way are eukaryotic chromosomes different from prokaryotic chromosomes?

A

Eukaryotes:
Protein is present
Prokaryotic:
Protein is absent

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4
Q

Which of the following structures are present in both plant and animal cells?

A

Mitochondrion only

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5
Q

What is essential for diffusion?

A

A concentration gradient

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6
Q

Which pair of characteristics are correct for the cellular processes of Exocytosis and Endocytosis?

A

Exo:
Secretion of cellular materials
Endo:
Vesicles are moved away from the plasma membrane

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7
Q

Which two molecules are the principle components of membranes?

A

Protein and lipids

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8
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The passive movement of a particle across a cell membrane via a channel protein

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9
Q

The diagram shows a model of a biological membrane. What do labels I, II, and III mean?

A

I: glycoproteins
II: integral protein
III: hydrophilic phosphate head

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10
Q

What processes are illustrated by the labels in the diagram below?

A

I: Endocytosis
II: digestion by lysosomes

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11
Q

What is the composition of the backbone of DNA?

A

Alternating sugar and phosphate molecules

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12
Q

Which of the following are connected by a hydrogen bond?

A

A base pair of a DNA molecule

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13
Q

Which substance is a base that is found in DNA?

A

Guanine

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14
Q

What is a difference between the sense and antisense strand of DNA?

A

Nucleotides are linked to the antisense strand by hydrogen bonding during transcription, but not to the sense strand

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15
Q

In the structure of a DNA what binds with cytosine?

A

Deoxyribose

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16
Q

The diagram below represents a DNA nucleotide. What part is labeled x?

A

Guanine

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17
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

Histone proteins and DNA

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18
Q

What pyro muffins in DNA?

A

Types if bases

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19
Q

What a the function if helicase?

A

It separates the DNA strands

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20
Q

The diagram below represents an animal cell. Which processes occur in the locations labeled?

A

Transcription: I
Translation: II
respiration: IV

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21
Q

The diagram below shows the bases on a short section of DNA during replication. Identify the sequence of bases on the new complementary strand labeled I in the diagram.

A

CTAG

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22
Q

Which are the correct directions of the following processes?

A

All 5’ to 3’

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23
Q

What is removed to form mature eukaryotic mRNA?

A

Introns

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24
Q

Where is the anticodon located?

A

tRNA

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25
Q

Which substrate is a base found in RNA?

A

Uracil

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26
Q

What enzyme is used in transcription but not in translation?

A

RNA polymerase

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27
Q

If mRNA has a codon CAU, what is the corresponding anticodon on the tRNA molecule?

A

GUA

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28
Q

What is a difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?

A

Sex chromosomes determine gender and autosomes do not

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29
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

Chromosomes arranged in pairs according to their size and shape

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30
Q

What can be concluded about the following karyotype?

A

Female with downs

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31
Q

How does the X chromosome differ from the Y chromosome in humans?

A

Some genes on the X chromosome are absent from the Y chromosome

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32
Q

What is one role of the element phosphorus?

A

It forms part of the structure of nucleotides

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33
Q

What role does iron play in living organisms?

A

As a component of proteins

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34
Q

Which of the following substances are organic?

A

Lipids only

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35
Q

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulphur are elements found in living cells. Which of is the least common?

A

Sulphur

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36
Q

Which of the following features are correct for hydrogen bonding?

A

It is involved in the cohesion of water and it results in the thermal properties of water

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37
Q

What causes water to have a relatively high boiling point?

A

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules

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38
Q

Which molecule is a mono saccharide?

A

Ribose

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39
Q

Which of the following terms correctly describes the molecule above?

A

Monosaccharide and glucose

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40
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the molecule below?

A

Monosaccharide and carbohydrate

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41
Q

Which molecule represents ribose?

A

D

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42
Q

Which is not a primary function of protein molecules?

A

Energy storage

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43
Q

Which structure represents an amino acid?

A

D

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44
Q

Which diagram correctly illustrates a dipeptide?

A

B

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45
Q

Which of the following reactions occurs when a dipeptide is formed from amino acids?

A

Condensation

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46
Q

Which is a structure of gycerol?

A

A

47
Q

What determines the specificity of an enzyme for it’s substrate?

A

The structure of the enzyme molecule

48
Q

According to the induced fit model of enzyme function, which of the following statements is true?

A

The binding of the substrate changes the shape of the active site slightly

49
Q

Which of the following could denature an enzyme?

A

High temperature

50
Q

Which graph shows the relationship between the substrate concentration and the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction?

A

B

51
Q

Consider the metabolic pathway shown below. If there is end-product inhibition, which product would inhibit the enzyme?

A

Product: z
Enzyme: 1

52
Q

The graph below shows enzyme activity plotted against temperature. What is happening at point I?

A

The enzyme is being denatured

53
Q

Of the following products, which is produced by both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Pyruvate and ATP

54
Q

Which is not a product of the Krebs cycle?

A

Pyruvate

55
Q

What is the sequence of stages during the conversion of glucose into pyruvate in glycolysis?

A

Phosphorylation of sugar to lysis to oxidation

56
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced (net yield) per molecule of glucose as a direct result of glycolysis?

A

2

57
Q

Aerobic respiration involves conversion of glucose into pyruvate and conversion of pyruvate into co2 and water. Where do these processes occur?

A

Glucose to pyruvate: cytoplasm

Other: mitochondria

58
Q

What are the end products of aerobic cell respiration?

A

Water, co2 and ATP

59
Q

Humans can respire aerobically and anaerobically. Which are products of both aerobic cell respiration and anaerobic cell respiration in humans?

A

Pyruvate and ATP

60
Q

What is the net production if ATP per molecule of glucose during the fermentation of glucose to lactate?

A

2 molecules

61
Q

Which to colors of light does chlorophyll absorb?

A

Red and blue

62
Q

What would be the effect of increasing temp on the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Increases to a point then decreases

63
Q

Which graph shows the effect of increasing carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis?

A

B

64
Q

Which combination measures the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Direct: oxygen production
Indirect: biomass increase

65
Q

In the diagram of the chloroplast below where will the Calvin Cycle take place?

A

A

66
Q

Which phase of mitosis are shown in diagrams I and II?

A

I: anaphase
II: prophase

67
Q

Which of the following processes takes place during interphase?

A

Respiration, active transport, protein synthesis, and replication of DNA

68
Q

What is the product of mitosis in plant cells?

A

Two daughter cells with genetically identical nuclei

69
Q

The DNA of a particular cell is damaged, so that the cell continues to divide uncontrollably. What is the possible result?

A

Tumor formation

70
Q

A cell with a diploid number if 12 chromosomes undergoes meiosis. What will the product at the end of meiosis be?

A

4 cells each with 6 chromosomes

71
Q

What is the usual cause of Down’s syndrome?

A

Trisomy 21

72
Q

The diagram below shows a cell undergoing meiosis. What is this stage of meiosis?

A

Anaphase I

73
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Two chromosomes with the same set of genes, in the same sequence, sometimes with different alleles

74
Q

Which row correctly identifies the genotypes of individuals 1 and 2?

A

1: Xh Y
2: XH Xh

75
Q

Which of the following blood group phenotype a always has a homozygous genotype?

A

O

76
Q

What does the genotype XH Xh indicate?

A

Heterozygous female

77
Q

If a purple flowers (Pp) and a white flowered pea plant (pp) are crossed, what will the offspring be?

A

1:1 ratio of purple and white flowers

78
Q

If two pea plants with the genotypes YyRr and Yyrr are crossed what ratio is their offspring?

A

3: round yellow 1: rounf green 3: wrinkled yellow 1: wrinkled green

79
Q

Which child is least likely to be the biological offspring of the father?

A

Child 2

80
Q

DNA was obtained from a crime scene. Which technique would you use to determine the culprit?

A

Gel electrophoresis

81
Q

What was the original goal if the human genome project?

A

To determine the nucleotide sequence of all human chromosomes

82
Q

There are many different views on ethics of reproductive cloning in humans. Which is a valid argument against cloning humans?

A

The life expectancy of children might be lower than normal

83
Q

If the genes are far enough apart that crossing over between alleles occurs occasionally, which statement is true of gametes?

A

There will be approximately equal numbers of Ab and ab gametes

84
Q

Which human trait shows a pattern of polygenic inheritance?

A

Skin color

85
Q

What is a characteristic of xerophytes?

A

Large number of stomata

86
Q

What causes movement of water through the xylem?

A

Evaporation of water from leaves

87
Q

Fertilization, pollination, and seed dispersal all occur during the reproduction of a flowering plant. In what sequence do these processes occur?

A

Pollination, fertilization, swede dispersal

88
Q

What treatment is most likely to lead to germination?

A

Soaking the seeds job a solution of gibberellins

89
Q

Which direction does the phloem transport materials?

A

Up and down the plant all the time

90
Q

Which process starts the germination of a starchy seed?

A

Absorption of water

91
Q

Which phase of mitosis are shown in diagrams I and II?

A

I: anaphase
II: prophase

92
Q

Which of the following processes takes place during interphase?

A

Respiration, active transport, protein synthesis, and replication of DNA

93
Q

What is the product of mitosis in plant cells?

A

Two daughter cells with genetically identical nuclei

94
Q

The DNA of a particular cell is damaged, so that the cell continues to divide uncontrollably. What is the possible result?

A

Tumor formation

95
Q

A cell with a diploid number if 12 chromosomes undergoes meiosis. What will the product at the end of meiosis be?

A

4 cells each with 6 chromosomes

96
Q

What is the usual cause of Down’s syndrome?

A

Trisomy 21

97
Q

The diagram below shows a cell undergoing meiosis. What is this stage of meiosis?

A

Anaphase I

98
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Two chromosomes with the same set of genes, in the same sequence, sometimes with different alleles

99
Q

Which row correctly identifies the genotypes of individuals 1 and 2?

A

1: Xh Y
2: XH Xh

100
Q

Which of the following blood group phenotype a always has a homozygous genotype?

A

O

101
Q

What does the genotype XH Xh indicate?

A

Heterozygous female

102
Q

If a purple flowers (Pp) and a white flowered pea plant (pp) are crossed, what will the offspring be?

A

1:1 ratio of purple and white flowers

103
Q

If two pea plants with the genotypes YyRr and Yyrr are crossed what ratio is their offspring?

A

3: round yellow 1: rounf green 3: wrinkled yellow 1: wrinkled green

104
Q

Which child is least likely to be the biological offspring of the father?

A

Child 2

105
Q

DNA was obtained from a crime scene. Which technique would you use to determine the culprit?

A

Gel electrophoresis

106
Q

What was the original goal if the human genome project?

A

To determine the nucleotide sequence of all human chromosomes

107
Q

There are many different views on ethics of reproductive cloning in humans. Which is a valid argument against cloning humans?

A

The life expectancy of children might be lower than normal

108
Q

If the genes are far enough apart that crossing over between alleles occurs occasionally, which statement is true of gametes?

A

There will be approximately equal numbers of Ab and ab gametes

109
Q

Which human trait shows a pattern of polygenic inheritance?

A

Skin color

110
Q

What is a characteristic of xerophytes?

A

Large number of stomata

111
Q

What causes movement of water through the xylem?

A

Evaporation of water from leaves

112
Q

Fertilization, pollination, and seed dispersal all occur during the reproduction of a flowering plant. In what sequence do these processes occur?

A

Pollination, fertilization, swede dispersal

113
Q

What treatment is most likely to lead to germination?

A

Soaking the seeds job a solution of gibberellins

114
Q

Which direction does the phloem transport materials?

A

Up and down the plant all the time

115
Q

Which process starts the germination of a starchy seed?

A

Absorption of water

IB Biology (17 decks)

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