Final Semester 2 Flashcards
Which combination of features is most in plant and animal cells?
Cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes
Which organelles have a transport function?
Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum
Which pair of features is correct for both plant and prokaryotic cells?
Plant cell:
Contains DNA with protein
Prokaryote:
Contains naked DNA
In what way are eukaryotic chromosomes different from prokaryotic chromosomes?
Eukaryotes:
Protein is present
Prokaryotic:
Protein is absent
Which of the following structures are present in both plant and animal cells?
Mitochondrion only
What is essential for diffusion?
A concentration gradient
Which pair of characteristics are correct for the cellular processes of Exocytosis and Endocytosis?
Exo:
Secretion of cellular materials
Endo:
Vesicles are moved away from the plasma membrane
Which two molecules are the principle components of membranes?
Protein and lipids
What is facilitated diffusion?
The passive movement of a particle across a cell membrane via a channel protein
The diagram shows a model of a biological membrane. What do labels I, II, and III mean?
I: glycoproteins
II: integral protein
III: hydrophilic phosphate head
What processes are illustrated by the labels in the diagram below?
I: Endocytosis
II: digestion by lysosomes
What is the composition of the backbone of DNA?
Alternating sugar and phosphate molecules
Which of the following are connected by a hydrogen bond?
A base pair of a DNA molecule
Which substance is a base that is found in DNA?
Guanine
What is a difference between the sense and antisense strand of DNA?
Nucleotides are linked to the antisense strand by hydrogen bonding during transcription, but not to the sense strand
In the structure of a DNA what binds with cytosine?
Deoxyribose
The diagram below represents a DNA nucleotide. What part is labeled x?
Guanine
What is a nucleosome?
Histone proteins and DNA
What pyro muffins in DNA?
Types if bases
What a the function if helicase?
It separates the DNA strands
The diagram below represents an animal cell. Which processes occur in the locations labeled?
Transcription: I
Translation: II
respiration: IV
The diagram below shows the bases on a short section of DNA during replication. Identify the sequence of bases on the new complementary strand labeled I in the diagram.
CTAG
Which are the correct directions of the following processes?
All 5’ to 3’
What is removed to form mature eukaryotic mRNA?
Introns
Where is the anticodon located?
tRNA
Which substrate is a base found in RNA?
Uracil
What enzyme is used in transcription but not in translation?
RNA polymerase
If mRNA has a codon CAU, what is the corresponding anticodon on the tRNA molecule?
GUA
What is a difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?
Sex chromosomes determine gender and autosomes do not
What is a karyotype?
Chromosomes arranged in pairs according to their size and shape
What can be concluded about the following karyotype?
Female with downs
How does the X chromosome differ from the Y chromosome in humans?
Some genes on the X chromosome are absent from the Y chromosome
What is one role of the element phosphorus?
It forms part of the structure of nucleotides
What role does iron play in living organisms?
As a component of proteins
Which of the following substances are organic?
Lipids only
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulphur are elements found in living cells. Which of is the least common?
Sulphur
Which of the following features are correct for hydrogen bonding?
It is involved in the cohesion of water and it results in the thermal properties of water
What causes water to have a relatively high boiling point?
Hydrogen bonds between water molecules
Which molecule is a mono saccharide?
Ribose
Which of the following terms correctly describes the molecule above?
Monosaccharide and glucose
Which of the following correctly describes the molecule below?
Monosaccharide and carbohydrate
Which molecule represents ribose?
D
Which is not a primary function of protein molecules?
Energy storage
Which structure represents an amino acid?
D
Which diagram correctly illustrates a dipeptide?
B
Which of the following reactions occurs when a dipeptide is formed from amino acids?
Condensation
Which is a structure of gycerol?
A
What determines the specificity of an enzyme for it’s substrate?
The structure of the enzyme molecule
According to the induced fit model of enzyme function, which of the following statements is true?
The binding of the substrate changes the shape of the active site slightly
Which of the following could denature an enzyme?
High temperature
Which graph shows the relationship between the substrate concentration and the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction?
B
Consider the metabolic pathway shown below. If there is end-product inhibition, which product would inhibit the enzyme?
Product: z
Enzyme: 1
The graph below shows enzyme activity plotted against temperature. What is happening at point I?
The enzyme is being denatured
Of the following products, which is produced by both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Pyruvate and ATP
Which is not a product of the Krebs cycle?
Pyruvate
What is the sequence of stages during the conversion of glucose into pyruvate in glycolysis?
Phosphorylation of sugar to lysis to oxidation
How many ATP molecules are produced (net yield) per molecule of glucose as a direct result of glycolysis?
2
Aerobic respiration involves conversion of glucose into pyruvate and conversion of pyruvate into co2 and water. Where do these processes occur?
Glucose to pyruvate: cytoplasm
Other: mitochondria
What are the end products of aerobic cell respiration?
Water, co2 and ATP
Humans can respire aerobically and anaerobically. Which are products of both aerobic cell respiration and anaerobic cell respiration in humans?
Pyruvate and ATP
What is the net production if ATP per molecule of glucose during the fermentation of glucose to lactate?
2 molecules
Which to colors of light does chlorophyll absorb?
Red and blue
What would be the effect of increasing temp on the rate of photosynthesis?
Increases to a point then decreases
Which graph shows the effect of increasing carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis?
B
Which combination measures the rate of photosynthesis?
Direct: oxygen production
Indirect: biomass increase
In the diagram of the chloroplast below where will the Calvin Cycle take place?
A
Which phase of mitosis are shown in diagrams I and II?
I: anaphase
II: prophase
Which of the following processes takes place during interphase?
Respiration, active transport, protein synthesis, and replication of DNA
What is the product of mitosis in plant cells?
Two daughter cells with genetically identical nuclei
The DNA of a particular cell is damaged, so that the cell continues to divide uncontrollably. What is the possible result?
Tumor formation
A cell with a diploid number if 12 chromosomes undergoes meiosis. What will the product at the end of meiosis be?
4 cells each with 6 chromosomes
What is the usual cause of Down’s syndrome?
Trisomy 21
The diagram below shows a cell undergoing meiosis. What is this stage of meiosis?
Anaphase I
What are homologous chromosomes?
Two chromosomes with the same set of genes, in the same sequence, sometimes with different alleles
Which row correctly identifies the genotypes of individuals 1 and 2?
1: Xh Y
2: XH Xh
Which of the following blood group phenotype a always has a homozygous genotype?
O
What does the genotype XH Xh indicate?
Heterozygous female
If a purple flowers (Pp) and a white flowered pea plant (pp) are crossed, what will the offspring be?
1:1 ratio of purple and white flowers
If two pea plants with the genotypes YyRr and Yyrr are crossed what ratio is their offspring?
3: round yellow 1: rounf green 3: wrinkled yellow 1: wrinkled green
Which child is least likely to be the biological offspring of the father?
Child 2
DNA was obtained from a crime scene. Which technique would you use to determine the culprit?
Gel electrophoresis
What was the original goal if the human genome project?
To determine the nucleotide sequence of all human chromosomes
There are many different views on ethics of reproductive cloning in humans. Which is a valid argument against cloning humans?
The life expectancy of children might be lower than normal
If the genes are far enough apart that crossing over between alleles occurs occasionally, which statement is true of gametes?
There will be approximately equal numbers of Ab and ab gametes
Which human trait shows a pattern of polygenic inheritance?
Skin color
What is a characteristic of xerophytes?
Large number of stomata
What causes movement of water through the xylem?
Evaporation of water from leaves
Fertilization, pollination, and seed dispersal all occur during the reproduction of a flowering plant. In what sequence do these processes occur?
Pollination, fertilization, swede dispersal
What treatment is most likely to lead to germination?
Soaking the seeds job a solution of gibberellins
Which direction does the phloem transport materials?
Up and down the plant all the time
Which process starts the germination of a starchy seed?
Absorption of water
Which phase of mitosis are shown in diagrams I and II?
I: anaphase
II: prophase
Which of the following processes takes place during interphase?
Respiration, active transport, protein synthesis, and replication of DNA
What is the product of mitosis in plant cells?
Two daughter cells with genetically identical nuclei
The DNA of a particular cell is damaged, so that the cell continues to divide uncontrollably. What is the possible result?
Tumor formation
A cell with a diploid number if 12 chromosomes undergoes meiosis. What will the product at the end of meiosis be?
4 cells each with 6 chromosomes
What is the usual cause of Down’s syndrome?
Trisomy 21
The diagram below shows a cell undergoing meiosis. What is this stage of meiosis?
Anaphase I
What are homologous chromosomes?
Two chromosomes with the same set of genes, in the same sequence, sometimes with different alleles
Which row correctly identifies the genotypes of individuals 1 and 2?
1: Xh Y
2: XH Xh
Which of the following blood group phenotype a always has a homozygous genotype?
O
What does the genotype XH Xh indicate?
Heterozygous female
If a purple flowers (Pp) and a white flowered pea plant (pp) are crossed, what will the offspring be?
1:1 ratio of purple and white flowers
If two pea plants with the genotypes YyRr and Yyrr are crossed what ratio is their offspring?
3: round yellow 1: rounf green 3: wrinkled yellow 1: wrinkled green
Which child is least likely to be the biological offspring of the father?
Child 2
DNA was obtained from a crime scene. Which technique would you use to determine the culprit?
Gel electrophoresis
What was the original goal if the human genome project?
To determine the nucleotide sequence of all human chromosomes
There are many different views on ethics of reproductive cloning in humans. Which is a valid argument against cloning humans?
The life expectancy of children might be lower than normal
If the genes are far enough apart that crossing over between alleles occurs occasionally, which statement is true of gametes?
There will be approximately equal numbers of Ab and ab gametes
Which human trait shows a pattern of polygenic inheritance?
Skin color
What is a characteristic of xerophytes?
Large number of stomata
What causes movement of water through the xylem?
Evaporation of water from leaves
Fertilization, pollination, and seed dispersal all occur during the reproduction of a flowering plant. In what sequence do these processes occur?
Pollination, fertilization, swede dispersal
What treatment is most likely to lead to germination?
Soaking the seeds job a solution of gibberellins
Which direction does the phloem transport materials?
Up and down the plant all the time
Which process starts the germination of a starchy seed?
Absorption of water
