Final Review Flashcards
priest of Apollo who asks Agamemnon to give his daughter back
Chryses
lowest abyss under the earth - a place of punishment and torment
Tartarus
Ithacan and faithul servant of Odysseus; herald of the Greeks
Eurybates
Greek physician from Thessaly; son of the famous healer, Asclepius
Machaon
king of they Myrmidons; father of Achilles
Peleus
surrogate father to Achilles who was cursed to have no children
Phoenix
prize of Achilles; daughter of Briseus
Briseis
elderly counselor to Priam and the Trojans who is called a “cicada”
Antenor
son of Priam; augur of the Trojans
Helenus
borther of Peleus from Slamis; father of Ajax the Great
Telamon
Achilles’ grandfather; his father, Zeus, made men of ants for him (Myrmidons)
Aecus
venerable leader of the Pylians and the oldest and wisest Greek chieftain
Nestor
father of Aeneas by Aphrodite
Anchises
grandson of Bellerophon; cousin and squire of Sarpedon
Glaucus
older friend and squire of Achilles; son of Menoetius
Patroculs
the chief river god who flows through the plain below Troy
Scamander/Xanthus
main gates of Troy from which non-combatants observe the battles
Scaean Gates
nickname of Hector’s son, Camandrius, which means king of the city”
Astyanax
gods’ messenger - especially Zeus’ - who repeats messages verbatim
Iris
son of Nestor; leading fighter from Pylos and friend of Achilles
Antilochus
goddess who tossed a golden apple for the fairest at the wedding of Peleus and Thetis
Discord/Eris
a river of Hades by which the gods swear their most serious oaths
Styx
father of Patroclus
Meneotius
son of Eumedes; scout of the Trojans
Dolon
son of Priam whose disquise Athene took to trick Hector into fighting Achilles
Deiphobus
king of the Thracians
Rhesus
Trojan warrior and advisor to Hector
Polydamas
sisters and goddesses of beauty and creativity
Muses
great inventor of Crete who built the labyrinth
Daedalus
first Greek to land at Troy; the first Greek to die in the war
Protesilaus
son of Panthous; brother of Polydmas and Hyperenor; wounded Patroclus
Euphorbus
battle among the gods
Theomachy
son of Achilles who is in Scyros and will join the war after his father’s death
Neoptolemus
son of Priam whom Achilles captures and sells into slavery on Lemnos
Lycaon
epithet of Hermes given for slaying Hera’s giant, Argus
Slayer of Argus
Before divulging any information, Calchas seeks the protection of ___. He says that the pestilence has come because ___.
Achilles; Apollo is angry because Agamemnon has take the daughter of his priest
Trojans and Greeks lay down their arms as Paris and Menelaus duel for what?
Helen and her wealth
Which Greek does Agamemnon send for to attend to the wound of Menelaus?
Machaon
What characteristic battle formation is used by both Greeks and Trojans?
phalanx
Whom does Helenus hold up as the mightiest of the Greeks?
Diomed
Whom does Hector call “a girl and a coward”?
Diomed
What is Teucer’s strength in battle?
archery
When does Achilles tell the embassy that he will return to fight?
when Hector burns his ships
___ is the first Greek to volunteer to spy on the Trojans, and he chooses ___ to go with him. ___ volunteers to spy on the Greeks.
Diomed; Odysseus; Dolon
What does the Trojan spy off to the Greek spies?
a ransom for his life; to say Hector held conference at the monument of llus; to describe the Trojan camp in detail
Zeus tells Hector to stay out of the fray of battle until ___ is wounded.
Agamemnon
The injury Paris inflicts on Machaon is significant for the Greeks because ___.
he was the main Greek physician
___ first breaches the Greek wall with his bare hands, but ___ is the first to enter the Greek camp using a pointed stone.
Sarpedon; Hector
___ interprets Zeus’ bird sign to the Trojans as meaning that the Trojans might break the Greek wall but will lose many men by the ships.
Polydamas
Idomeneus gives Meriones a what after he had twenty taken from the Trojans he killed?
spear
Hera’s plan to keep Zeus out of the fight involved what?
getting dressed up; wooing Zeus; having Sleep put Zeus to sleep
What event is Zeus waiting for before he will allow the Greeks any glory?
when he sees a burning ship
As the Myrmidons begin to turn the tide at the ships, Hector does what?
hides behind his shield; flees in his chariot, and leaves the Trojans by the trench
After being chided by Glaucus, Hector does what?
leaves to don Achilles’ armor
To reconcile Agamemnon and Achilles, Odysseus says what?
Greeks should go to eat before battle. Agamemnon should bring gifts to Achilles. Agamemnon should treat people better.
Why does Zeus release the gods to intervene in the war as they please?
Trojans are no match for Achilles, Agamemnon should bring gifts to Achilles, and Achilles should quit worrying about glory.
What argument does Lycaon make to Achilles for sparing his life?
Achilles got 100 oxen for him previously. Achilles killed his brother, Polydorus. Lycaon and Hector have different mothers. He is a suppliant to Achilles.
When Priam foreshadows his own death, he includes what?
His hounds will drink his blood. He will watch his children slain or enslaved. A Greek will beat the life from his body.
Achilles will consent to wash the gore from his body when he has done what?
burned the body of Patroclus
Zeus sends Thetis to tell Achilles that the gods are angry that he kept Hector at the ships. They wanted him to do what?
give him up for ransom
Achilles brings his mother from the depth of the sea by ___. He asks her to get Zeus to aid the ___ as a punishment on ___.
weeping; Trojans; Agamemnon
When the Greeks and Trojans first march into battle in the Illiad, ___ immediately jumps in front to challenge any enemy soldier to a duel. ___ accepts.
Paris; Menelaus
Helen wants ___ to win the duel. Her heart yearns after ___
Menelaus; her former husband, her city, and her parents
What outcome to the Trojan War does Zeus prefer?
Zeus would prefer Menelaus to get Helen back and for Troy to be left in peace.
Describe three elements of Nestor’s military strategy and explain why it would be effective.
1.) Put chariots in front and have them stay together. 2.) Put brave foot soldiers at the rear. 3.) Put cowards in the middle, so they can’t flee the battle.
Hector does not fear death. He does fear for ___. What does Andromache do when Hector leaves?
Andromache; She mourns Hector as if he were dead.
Homer says that Achilles will rejoin the battle when ___.
Patroclus is dead.
According to Achilles, what is the paradox of Agamemnon’s actions?
Agamemnon undertook the war to save Helen, and he then took Briseis from Achilles.
Diomed kills the Trojan spy so that ___.
he can’t spy on/fight the Greeks
___ tells Patroclus that he should persuade ___ to reenter the fight or to send Patroclus in his armor.
Nester; Achilles
When the bird sign to the Trojans seems unfavorable, Hector says that he will follow what?
the counsels of Zeus rather than flight of birds
When challenged by Idomeneus, Deiphobus calls for ___ because his brother-in-law, Alcathous, has just been killed.
Aeneas
What decision did Euchenor make before coming to the Trojan War?
He had to decide whether to stay at home, pay a fine, and die of a terrible disease, or go to Troy and be killed in battle.
After putting Zeus to sleep, ___ takes the news to ___.
Sleep; Poseidon
Forced to return to Olympus by Zeus, Hera tells all of the gods that they can expect what?
ills from Zeus
Ajax son of Telamon is able to defend the Greek ships from the decks of the ships by doing what?
jumping from one ship to another with a sea pike in his hand
Achilles warns Patroclus not to pursue the Trojans to Troy because of what 2 reasons?
1.) he doesn’t want Patroclus to steal his glory 2.) a god might attack him
___ convinces Zeus that it is a bad idea to deliver Sarpedon from his fate. What is his fate?
Hera; He is fated to die at Patroclus’ hands
As the battle for Patroclus’ body rages, the immortal horses of Achilles are doing what?
weeping
Why didn’t Achilles immediately come out to defend the body of Patroclus?
He didn’t have any armor.
Describe the grief of Achilles when he learns of the death of Patroclus
He pours dust over his head, flings himself to the ground, and tears his hair.
Hector wants to keep the fight at the Greek ships because he wants what?
an opportunity to slay Achilles and win glory for himself.
Briseis weeps for ___ because he promised to force ___ to marry her back in Phthia. The other women weep for ___.
Patroclus; Achilles; their own sorrows
According to Achilles, the death of Patroclus is worse than the deaths of ___ and ___.
Neoptolemus and Peleus
___ is destined to carry on the race of Dardanus, the Trojans, so ___ saves him from Achilles.
Aeneas; Poseidon
After calling ___ a vixen, Hera catches her hands and beats her about the ears with her ___.
Artemis; bow
When Achilles arrives to fight, Hector flees, but ___ tricks him into fighting by disguising herself as ___.
Athene; Deiphobus
___ says that the child of a fallen warrior suffers the most for what reason?
Andromache; he will lose his lands, be passed between relatives, and bullied, living a life of hardship
At the funeral of Patroclus, the mourners are most moved when ___ because it means that he will not ___.
Achilles cuts a lock of his yellow hair; return home
___ are not angry with Achilles for his abuse on Hector’s body for what reason?
Hera, Poseidon, and Athene; they didn’t forgive Paris for picking Aphrodite as “the fairest”
“Many a brave soul did it send hurrying down to Hades, and many a hero did it yield a prey to dogs and vultures, for so were the counsels of Zeus fulfilled from the day on which the son of Atreus, king of men, and great Achilles first fell out with one another.”
___ made this appeal to ___.
Homer; the Muse
“Many a brave soul did it send hurrying down to Hades, and many a hero did it yield a prey to dogs and vultures, for so were the counsels of Zeus fulfilled from the day on which the son of Atreus, king of men, and great Achilles first fell out with one another.”
What is the it that the speaker is referring to?
the anger of Achilles
“Young men’s minds are as light as air, but when an old man comes he looks before and after, deeming that which shall be fairest upon both sides.”
Who said this?
Menelaus
“If ever I get home again to set my eyes on my native place, my wife, and the greatness of my house, may someone cut my head off then and there if I do not break the bow and set it on a hot fire - such pranks as it plays me.”
___ said this to ___
Pandarus; Aeneas
“If I stay here and fight, I shall not return alive but my name will live forever: whereas if I go home my name will die, but it will be long ere death shall take me.”
___ said this to ___
Achilles; the embassy/ Phoenix
“If we ransom you or let you go, you will come second time to the ships of the Achaeans either as a spy or as an open enemy, but if I kill you and make an end of you, you will give no more trouble.”
___ said this to ___
Diomed; Dolon
“There is one omen, and one only - that a man should fight for his country.”
___ said this to ___
Hector; Polydamas
“Because heaven has so richly endowed you with the arts of war, you think that you must therefore excel all others in counsel; but you cannot thus claim pre-eminence in all things. Heaven has made one man an excellent soldier; of another it has made a dancer or a singer and player on the lyre; while yet another Zeus has implanted a wise understanding of which men reap fruit to the saving of many, and he himself knows more about it than anyone; therefore I will say what I think will be best.”
___ said this to ___
Polydamas; Hector
“You know no pity; knight Peleus was not your father nor Thetis your mother, but the grey sea bore you and the sheer cliffs begot you, so cruel and remorseless are you”
___ said this to ___
Patroclus; Achillles
“I say further, and lay my saying to your heart, you too shall live but for a little season. Death and the day of your doom are close upon you, and they will lay you low by the hand of Achilles, son of Aeacus.”
These are the dying words of ___.
Patroclus
“Alas! poor wretch, you arm in the armor of a hero before whom many another trembles, and you reck nothing of the doom that is already close upon you. You have killed his comrade so brave and strong, but it was not well that you should strip the armor from his head and shoulders. I do indeed endow you with great might now, but as against this you shall not return from battle to lay the armor of the son of Peleus before Andromache.”
___ muttered this about ___
Zeus; Hector
“At daybreak we will arm and fight about the ships. Granted that Achilles has again come forward to defend them, let it be as he will, but it shall go hard with him. I shall not shun him, but will fight him, to fall or conquer. The god of war deals out like measure to all, and the slayer may yet be slain.”
___ said this to the ___.
Hector; the Trojans
“___, mightiest of all the Achaeans, in battle you are better than I, and that more than a little, but in counsel I am much before you, for I am older and of greater knowledge. Therefore be patient under my words. Fighting is a thing of which men soon surfeit, and when Zeus, who is war’s steward, weights the upshot, it may well prove that the straw which our sickles have reaped is far heavier than the grain. It may well be that the Achaeans should mourn the dead with their bellies; day by day men fall thick and threefold continually. When should have a respite from our sorrow? Let us mourn our dead for a day and bury them out of sight and mind, but let those of us who are left eat and drink that we may arm and fight our foes more fiercely.”
Achilles, son of Peleus
“___, mightiest of all the Achaeans, in battle you are better than I, and that more than a little, but in counsel I am much before you, for I am older and of greater knowledge. Therefore be patient under my words. Fighting is a thing of which men soon surfeit, and when Zeus, who is war’s steward, weights the upshot, it may well prove that the straw which our sickles have reaped is far heavier than the grain. It may well be that the Achaeans should mourn the dead with their bellies; day by day men fall thick and threefold continually. When should have a respite from our sorrow? Let us mourn our dead for a day and bury them out of sight and mind, but let those of us who are left eat and drink that we may arm and fight our foes more fiercely.”
Who said this?
Odysseus
“And now let there be no more prating in mid-battle as though we were children. We could fling taunts without end at one another; a hundred-oared galley would not hold them. The tongue can run all whithers and talk all wise. It can go here and there, and as a man says, so shall he be gainsaid. What is the use of our bandying hard words, like women who when they fall foul of one another go out and wrangle in the streets, one half true and the other lies, as rage inspires them? No words of yours shall turn me now that I am fain to fight - therefore let us make trial of one another with our spears.”
___ said this to ___
Achilles; Hector
“Farewell,” he cried, “___, even in the house of Hades. I am doing all that I have promised you. Twelve brave sons of noble Trojans shall the flames consume along with yourself, but dogs, not fire, shall devour the flesh of Hector, son of Priam.”
Patroclus
“Farewell,” he cried, “___, even in the house of Hades. I am doing all that I have promised you. Twelve brave sons of noble Trojans shall the flames consume along with yourself, but dogs, not fire, shall devour the flesh of Hector, son of Priam.”
Who said this?
Achilles
