Final Review Flashcards
Education
A social institution that transmits attitudes, knowledge, beliefs and etc to its members through formal systematic training
Schooling
Formal training and instruction provided in a classroom setting
Education Functionalist
Macro; Contributes to societys stability solidarity and cohesion and provides opportunities for upward mobility
Education Conflict
Macro; reproduces and reinforces inequality and maintains a rigid social class structure
Education Feminist
Macro/Micro; Produces inequality based on gender
Education Symbolic inter.
Micro; Teaches roles and values through everyday face to face interaction and practices
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
An index of an individuals performance on standardized test relative to the performance of others of the same age
Hidden curriculum
school practices that transmit nonacademic knowledge, values, attitudes, etc that legitimize economic inequality and fill unequal work roles
Credentialism
An emphasis on cetificates or degrees to show that people have certain skills educational attainment levels or job qualifications
Legacies
The children of alumni who have “reserved seats” regardless of their accomplishments or abilities
Tracking
(Streaming or ability grouping) Assigning students to specific educational programs and classes on the basis of test scores, previous grades or abilities
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Whereby students live up or down to teachers expectations and evaluations that are influenced by a students social class ..etc
Religion
Social institution that involves shared beliefs values and practices related to the supernatural that unites believers into a community
Sacred
Anything that people see as mysterious awe-inspiring, extraordinary and powerful, holy and not part of the natural world
Secular
Anything that is not related to religion
Religiosity
the way people demonstrate their religious beliefs
Cult
A religious group that is devoted to beliefs and practices that are outside of those accepted in mainstream society
New religious movement (NRM)
term used instead of cult by most sociologist
Charismatic leader
A religious leader whom followers see as having exceptional or superhuman powers and qualities
Sect
A religious group that has broken away from an established religion
Denomination
A sub-group within a religion that shares its name and traditions and is generally on good terms with the main group
Church
A large established religious group that has strong ties to mainstream society
Major religions
Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism
Secularization
A process of removing institutions such as education and government from the dominance or influence of religion
Fundamentalism
The belief in the literal meaning of a sacred text
Civil religion
(Secular religion) Practices in which citizenship takes on religious aspects
Religion Functionalist
Macro; religion benefits society by providing a sense of belonging, identity and meaning …etc
Religion Conflict
Macro; Religion promotes and legitimates social inequality, condones strife and violence between groups
Religion Feminist
Macro/Micro; Religion subordinates women, excludes them from decision-making positions and legitimizes patriarchal control of society
Religion Symbolic inter.
Micro; Religion provides meaning and sustenance in everyday life through symbols, rituals and beliefs, binds people together in a physical and spiritual community
Protestant ethic
A belief that hard work, diligence, self-denial, frugality and economic success will lead to salvation in the afterlife
False consciousness
An acceptance of a system of beliefs that prevents people from protesting oppression
Ritual
(Rite) A formal and repeated behavior in which the members of a group regularly engage
Health
The state of physical, mental and social well-being
Disease
An alteration of the normal physical and/ or mental structures of the body or mind
Health care
Any activity that improves a persons well-being
Medicine
System of individuals, organization, and institutions that provide scientific diagnosis, treatment and prevention of illness, injury
Disability
Physical or mental impairment that limit a persons ability to perform an important activity
Epidemiology
the study of the causes and distribution of disease within a population
Chronic diseases
Long-term or lifelong illness that develop gradually or are resent from birth
Acute diseases
illnesses that strike suddenly and often disappear rapidly but can cause incapacitation and sometimes death
Infant mortality rate
The number of deaths of infants per 1000 live births in a population
Reason for contemporary illness and death
Age, Social class, Race and Ethnicity, Smoking, drug abuse, sexually transmitted diseases
Binge drinking
Drinking five or more drinks on the same occasion on at least 1 day out of 30
Heavy drinking
Drinking five or more drinks on the same occasion on 5 or more days in the past 30 days
Health maintenance organization (HMO)
A business organization that provides medical care to subscribers for a fixed fee
Sick role
A pattern of behavior accepted as appropriate for people who are ill
Medical-industrial complex
A network of business enterprises that influences medicine and healthcare
Gender rating
Charging women more than men for identical health care plans
Medicalization
A process that defines and treats a non-medical condition or behavior as an illness, disorder or disease that requires a medical solution
Demography
The scientific study of human population
Population
A group of people who share a geographic territory
Fertility
Number of babies born during a specified period in a particular society
Mortality
Number of deaths during a specified period in a population
Migration
Movement of people into or out of a specific geographic area
Urbanization
Population movement from rural to urban areas
Suburbanization
Population movement from cities to the areas surrounding them
Exurbs
Areas of new development beyond the suburbs that are more rural but on the fringe of urbanized areas
Ecosystem
An area in which all forms of life in relation to one another and a shared physical environment
Global warming
Increase in the average temperature of earths atmosphere
Greenhouse effect
the heating of earths atmosphere because of the presence pf certain atmospheric gases
Social change
Transformations of societies and social institutions over time
Collective behavior
The spontaneous and unstructured behavior of a large number of people
Structural strain theory
Conduciveness, strain, growth & spread of a generalized belief, precipitating factors, mobilizing people for action, social control
Rumor
Unfounded information that people spread quickly
Gossip
Rumors, often negative, about other peoples personal lives
Urban legends
(Contemporary legends or Modern) A type of rumor about stories that supposedly happened somewhere
Panic
Collective flight, typically irrational, from a real or perceived danger
Mass hystria
Intense, fearful, and anxious reaction to a real or imagined threat by large numbers of people
Fashion
Standard of appearance that enjoys widespread but temporary acceptance within a society
Fad
Form of collective behavior that spreads rapidly and enthusiastically but lasts only a short time
Craze
Fad that becomes an all-consuming passion for many people for a short time
Disaster
Unexpected event that causes widespread damage, destruction, distress, and loss
Public
Collection of people, not necessarily in direct contact with each other, who are interested in a particular issue
Public opinion
Widespread attitudes on a particular issue
Propaganda
Presentation of information to influence peoples opinions or actions
Crowd
Temporary gathering of people who share a common interest or participate in a particular event
Mob
Highly emotional and disorderly crowd that uses the threat of force and actual force or violence against a specific target
Riot
Violent crowd that directs its hostility at a wide and shifting range of targets
Social movement
A large and organized activity to promote or resist a particular social change
Types of social movement
Alternative, redemptive, reformative, resistance, revolutionary
Relative deprivation
A gap between what people have and what they think they should have compared with others in a society
Social movements
Mass society theory, relative deprivation theory, resource mobilization theory, new social movements theory
Technology
Application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes
Zero population growth (ZPG)
Stable population level that occurs when each woman has no more than two children
