Final Review Flashcards
which is not directly consumed by the Citric Acid Cycle?
Oxygen
which can be used as a terminal electron acceptor for the electron transport chain in mitochondria during cellular respiration?
Oxygen
what is the source of electrons for photosynthesis?
H2O
protein: charged to hydrophobic
- cannot reside in aqueous environment
- may aggregate or misfold
protein in high concentration
protein aggregate rather than refold at high concentration
visualizing and purifying
- link with magnetic beads
- incubate these with the samples
- pour everything except the beads out of the tube
slow down methylation –> mutation rate?
mutation rate increases as the mismatch repair machinery cannot tell which is parental strand or daughter strand since parental DNA is unmethylated
speed up methylation –> mutation rate?
mutation rate increases as the mismatch repair machinery cannot tell which is parental or daughter strand since parental strand is methylated
Adenylyl cyclase turns the signal _ ()
On; ATP_cAMP
Phosphodiesterase turns the signal _ ()
Off; cAMP_AMP
G2 checkpoint
number of chromosomes
M checkpoint
attachment of each kinetochore to a spindle fiber –> aneuploid cells
sequence of mRNA =
non-template strand; T–>U
Northern blot
RNA
Southern blot
DNA
Western blot
Protein
why are eukaryotic mRNAs normally not polycistronic?
because eukaryotic translation initiates at the first AUG on the mRNA
least likely to be a restriction enzyme recognition sequence
least diversity in ATGC
stop codons
UAA; UAG; UGA
which is responsible for genes to be transcribed in specific cell types?
enhancer
to make sure that the proteins migrate properly through the gel when an electric field is applied, how should the protein sample be treated before being loaded on the gel?
boil them in SDS
urine in marine fish
small volume but more concentrated
urine in land animals
small volume but high concentrated
urine in freshwater fish
large volume but less concentrated
levels of estradiol and progesterone in the ovarian phase
estradiol high
progesterone low
levels of estradiol and progesterone in the luteal phase
estradiol high
progesterone high
thickening of the endometrium
how to activate a B cell
- must recognize the epitope
- must interact by an activated T cells
leptin _ appetite
suppresses
ovarian cycle: hypothalamus stimulates what hormone
GnRH
ovarian cycle: anterior pituitary stimulates what hormones
FSH and LH
ovarian cycle: ovary stimulates what hormones
estrogen and progesterone
ovarian cycle: positive feedback
estrogen on day 12-14 (ovulation)
what are the key events in menstrual cycle
follicular phase/ ovulation/ luteal phase/ menstration
follicular phase
- follicle stimulates FSH and the growth of ovarian follicle
- follicle stimulates estrogen which inhibits FSH for another follicle to be developed
- estrogen promotes the thickening of endometrium
ovulation
- estrogen positive feedback
- LH causes the follicle to rupture and release the egg
luteal phase
- ruptured follicle degenerate into corpus luteum
- corpus luteum secretes high levels of progesterone and estrogen, thickening of endometrium (in preparation for pregnancy)
- progesterone and estrogen inhibits FSH and LH
menstration
- if fertilization occurs, implantation happens in the endometrium
- if fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum degenerates –> low levels of estrogen and progesterone –> menstrual blood –> prepare for another cycle
phases in mitosis
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
- cytokinesis
depleting oxygen for cellular respiration
stops ATP synthesis; NADH and FADH2 will accumulate
metabolism/ cellular respiration formula
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
