2-3 Chemistry Flashcards
the valence number of hydrogen
1
the valence number of oxygen
2
the valence number of nitrogen
3
the valence number of carbon
4
what is hydrogen bond
non-covalent bonds formed between an electropositive hydrogen and electronegative atom in a different molecule
what kind of molecules are hydrophobic
non polar molecule
structural isomers
same molecular formula but different connectivity between atoms
geometric isomers
single bonds make tetrahedra and can rotate; double bonds impose a flat structure and do not rotate
cis-trans isomers
cis has the larger functional groups on the same side; the trans are on the opposite sides
sugar: the simplest carbohydrates
CnH2nOn
how to make disaccharides
loss of water - dehydration to form a glycosidic linkage
how to break into monosaccharides
water attacks - hydrolysis
components of nucleotide
consists of nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, 1-3 phosphates groups
what are the bonds in DNA
sugar-phosphate covalent backbones and hydrogen bonding base pairs
components of amino acids
NH2 - amino group; chiral carbon; R side chain; H; carboxyl group (OH-C=O)
non-polar
hydrophobic - C/ H
polar
hydrophilic - O/ N
primary structure
sequence of amino acids
secondary structure
hydrogen bonds between atoms in the peptide backbone
tertiary structure
3-D shape of a protein; interactions between R groups
quaternary structure
association of multiple proteins in a complex
components of lipids
glycerol and fatty acids
saturated fats
pack together tightly because all single bonds; solid at room temperature
unsaturated fats
double bond - liquid at room temperature
phospholipids
2 fatty acids (hydrophobic tail) and a hydrophilic group
plasma membrane is hydro__?
hydrophobic
three ways to transport molecules across the membranes
- facilitated diffusion 2. active transport 3. bulk transport
facilitated diffusion
channel or carrier protein; X energy
active transport
transport up the concentration gradient; requires energy (hydrolysis of ATP); generate concentration gradients
bulk transport
endocytosis and exocytosis
