Final review Flashcards
1
Q
master gland
A
pituitary
2
Q
primary link between endo and nervous system
A
hypothalamus
3
Q
endocrine assessment
A
ABC meds? check fridge for insulin? varied respiratory status? give O2 check pupils for opiod give 25 gm of D5 (50ML)
4
Q
diabetes is more common in…
A
men
5
Q
type 1 diabetes
A
children
no insulin produced
need to take insulin to inhibit formation of ketoacids
6
Q
types of abdominal pain
A
visceral/somatic
7
Q
visceral abdominal pain
A
stretching of nerve fibres hard time localizing pain pain all over cramp/bloated guarding position
8
Q
somatic abdominal pain
A
irritation of stomach lining
localized
sharp/constant
9
Q
biliary pain
A
gall bladder
radiates to back/right scapula
10
Q
kidney stone
A
pain in unilateral on affected flank
genital/groin pain
11
Q
pancreas
A
pain in back
12
Q
lower back pain can be from the…
A
kidneys
13
Q
AAA pain
A
flank/lumbar pain
14
Q
focused history abd pain
A
BM radiating pain surgeries oral intake urination pain? poops hydration odor (colour/quality/consistancy)
15
Q
grey poops means…
A
gall bladder obstruction
16
Q
yellow poops means…
A
malabsorption
17
Q
dark blood poops
A
bleed has been digested
upper GI bleed
18
Q
bright red poops
A
lower GI bleed
hemorrhoids
19
Q
cullens/grey turners are signs of…
A
internal bleeding
20
Q
eccymosis
A
bruising
21
Q
dehydrated abdomen can be…
A
sunk, concave
ask if abdomen looks different then normal
22
Q
striae means…
A
stretch marks
why is it there
23
Q
how long should you assess bowel sounds if you have time
A
5-30 min
24
Q
patient position when palpating abdomen
A
supine at the very least semi fowler
25
3 types of palpation
light
deep
rebound (in pain when no longer palpating)
26
normal abdomen palpation
soft/non tender
27
light palpation
1cm
| 1 hand
28
deep palpation
2-3 inches
2 hands
(not permitted on masses)
29
ABD pain important vitals
temp
SPO2
CM
30
pain above belly button
cardiac pain
31
its an emergency for children to vomit for over...
24 hours
32
frank poops
red blood not been digested
33
melena poops
dark/digested
34
electrolytes lost if puking
sodium/potassium
35
chrons disease
small intestine
fistula
immune system attacks the SI
lower right abd pain
*remember volume control here*
36
colitis
large intestine
37
hemorrhoids
inflammation of the vessels surrounding the rectum
38
mallory weiss syndrome
occurs from repeated vomiting causing bleeding
39
GI bleed poop odour
FOUL
40
what cells secrete glucagon
alpha cells
41
what cells secrete insulin
beta cells
42
_____ is secreted between meals when sugar levels decrease
glucagon
43
what is the sugar called when its stored in the liver
glycogen
44
people with diabetes tend to pee lots t/f
T!
45
which type of DM involves insulin resistance
type 2
46
__ exposure to hypoglycemia can lead to permanent brain damage
30 min
47
what has a faster onset hypo or hyper glycemia
hypoglycemia
48
what is more dangerous hypo or hyper glycemia
hypoglycemia
49
best hypoglycemia treatment for unconscious patient
D50 infused in 0.9% NS
12.5-25g slowly over 3 minutes large bore IV min 18 gage
if not possible 1mg glucagon via IM
ABC etc...
50
DKA is BGL greater then...
18 mmol
51
HHS is BGL greater then...
33 mmol
52
which hypergylcemic disorder gives fruity breath odour
DKA this is from the ketones!
53
possible ecg reading for DKA
peaked T waves due to a decrease of potassium!
54
common finding with HHNK
dehydration
55
hyperglycemia skin/resps
warm/dry
fast (kussmauls)
56
what type of DM is more common
type 2
57
common anaphylaxis findings
rash/swelling
hypotension
respiratory issues
58
HEENT
```
head
ears
eyes
nose
throat
```
59
UTI symptoms
burn/painful urination
urge to piss
cloudy piss
foul
60
Life threatening GI pain causes
appendicitis
ectopic pregnancy
AMI
61
pyloric stenosis
narrowing/obstruction of the pyloric sphincter (lower part of the stomach)
62
urinary system 2 functions
bodies accounting form
| bloods sewage treatment plant
63
where are the kidneys located?
in the retroperitoneal space
T12-L3
64
which kidney is positioned lower down
the right one due to the liver
65
how do vessels enter/leave the kidney
the hilum
66
most common types of kidney stones
calcium oxalate/calcium phosphate
67
what does dialysis do?
filters the blood (fills in for the kidneys)
68
this type of pain is most commonly associated with urologic issues
visceral pain
69
suspicion of renal calculus
patient is having a hard time sitting still (kidney stone dance)
70
altered mental status in geriatrics could be a...
UTI
71
common GI symptoms
pain
fluid losses
bleeding
change in bowel habits
72
S/S of hypokalemia
u waves
| flat t waves
73
S/S of hyperkalemia
peaked t waves
| cramps/dysrhythmias
74
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
heart burn
10-20% of people have this
75
what does the body do in order to maintain its BP in shock
catecholamines
ex. epi/nonepi
76
main cause of esophageal varices also what is it?
portal hypotension from alcohol
when the vessels in the distal esophagus increase in pressure
77
peptic ulcer disease
mucus layer covering the stomach/duodenum erodes
NSAIDS can cause this
78
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder caused by obstruction due to bile
murphys sign (RUQ pain)
more common in women (5F's)
female, fat, fertile, 40 & 50
79
what causes appendicitis
accumulation of poop or other materials
80
RUQ organs
```
gall bladder
bile duct
kidney
transverse colon
ascending colon
```
81
RLQ organs
appendix
uterus
ovaries
cecum
82
LUQ organs
```
diaphragm
spleen
kidney
duodenum
pancreas
pancreatic duct
descending colon
```
83
LLQ organs
```
umbilicus
rectum
bladder
anus
SI
```
84
surgical opening into the trachea
tracheostomy
85
angioedema
swelling of the mouth/tongue/lips from stings etc.
86
kussmaul is often seen with what condition
DKA
87
emphysema
alveoli are damaged causing SOB
pink puffer
88
tuberculosis
bacterial disease that is identified by a cough for 2 weeks hemoptysis, weight loss, chest pain and night sweats
89
anorexia
loss of appetite
| nausea/vomiting
90
vomiting
expulsion of chyme
91
where is the vomiting centre
in the medulla
92
bulimia
binge eating followed by induced vomiting
93
large volume diarrhea
related to infection
lactose intolerant
94
small volume diarrhea
inflammatory bowel disease
blood or mucus can come with it
95
t/f constipation can be followed by diarrhea
T!
96
t/f opiates and anticholinergics can cause constipation?
T! they slow down peristalsis resulting in more fluids being absorbed
97
what can diarrhea cause
hypokalemia
sodium is also lost
98
minor vomiting can cause...
metabolic alkalosis
99
severe vomiting can lead to...
metabolic acidosis
due to the loss of bicarbonate ions
100
top causes for fluid loss
dehydration
diarrhea
vomiting
101
types of visceral pain
from digestive organs
burning - heart burn
dull aching - liver stretching
cramping - stretching of the intestines
colicky - smooth muscle spasm
102
types of somatic pain
usually from the parietal peritoneum
rebound tenderness
103
if a patient complains of back pain and the origin of the pain is from the abdomen this is known as what type of pain?
referred pain
104
most at risk to malnutrition
geriatrics
kids
people on fad diets
105
dysphagia means...
difficulty swallowing
106
peptic ulcers are most commonly found in the duodenum t/f?
T!
