Final Prep Flashcards
In all organisms, what is the basic unit of structure and function?
cell
Tissue definition
Layer of a mass of cells that perform a specific function
Define metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions in cell or body
What is responsiveness of an organism?
ability to adjust to changes
Homeostasis definition
maintain constant stable internal environment
What type of mechanism is required to maintain a stable internal environment?
negative feedback loop
Negative feedback definition
stimulation to change variable in opposite direction
Parietal layer of a serous membrane line what?
body cavities
Visceral layer of a serous membrane covers what?
organs
A body has been sectioned in such a way that both lungs and the urinary bladder are visible. What type of section was used?
frontal
Upper mid portion of the abdomen is call the _____ region.
epigastric
What requirement of life is the most abundant chemical in the body and is the major component of extracellular fluid?
water
The pancreas releases hormones. it also releases enzymes needed to break down food. Because of this dual role, the pancreas could be considered part of what two organ systems?
endocrine and digestive
Matter is composed of elements which are in turn composed of what?
atomsHow
is the atomic number of an atom calculated?
of protons in the nucleus
Atomic mass of an atom?
protons plus # of neutrons
Definition and examples of Cations
positively charged ions element loses electron: Hydrogen, sodium, calcium, potassiumHow does
1 isotope differ from another of the same element?
atomic mass
What group of elements accounts for more than 95% of the human body by weight?
calcium, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
How do the atoms of different elements differ from one another?
of atomic # atomic mass
How do isotopes of a particular element compare to each other?
different mass #; same atomic #
What particles are located in the nucleus of an atom?
proton and neutrons
What is the mass number of an element whose atoms contain eight protons, eight electrons, and eight neutrons?
16
First electron shell of an atom holds a max of how many electrons?
2
An atom has a full innermost shell and 3 electrons in its second shell. what would happen when this atom forms a chemical bond?
lose 3 electrons in outer shell
Why is a complete atom considered to be electrically neutral?
positive protons equal # negative electrons
Chemical bonding occurs because of interactions between what?
electrons
What are the 3 major parts of a cell?
nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane
Why is the cell membrane selectively permeable?
It controls entrance and exit of the cell
Describe the structural organization of cell membrane?
phospholipid bilayer: protein molecules embedded in it
Integral protein
crosses cell membrane
ATP is used to wet many cellular processes. Some genetic disorders are the result of defects in ATP creation. Which organelle is likely affected in these disorders?
mitochondria
Main function of crustal in mitochondria
increase inner membrane for chemical reactions
How are DNA molecules stored in the nucleus?
couplex w/ protein in form of chromatin
Function of the nucleus
directs activity of the cell
Defining characteristic of a stem cell
self renewal
Define metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions in the body
Why is protein synthesis so important to the body?
enzymes are composed of proteins are essential
What is an example of catabolism
chemical reaction that release energy
What is dehydration synthesis?
bonds formed and water released
What is hydrolysis?
addition of water to break bond
Molecules that function to increase the rate of chemical reactions are called what?
enzyme
Description of enzyme
catalyst for chemical reaction
Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. Individuals who are lactose intolerant lack the enzyme to break this sugar down into monosaccharides. Considering enzyme nomenclature, what enzyme is deficient in these individuals?
lactase
What are the basic steps of an enzyme catalyzed reaction?
substrate and enzyme combine, forming ES complex
Describe the interaction between an enzyme and its substrate
parts of enzyme temporarily binds to substrate
What is an important mechanism that controls metabolic pathways?
negative feedback
What factors increase the rate of enzyme controlled reactions?
enzymes, # substrate molecules, efficiency of enzyme
A cofactor is ____. Examples are __________
necessary part of an enzyme; copper, iron, zinc
Humans require vitamins in their diets. What is a major function of these vitamins in the body?
function as coenzymes
What becomes more abundant during cellular respiration
ATP
What molecule is common to both the carb and lipid metabolic pathways and connects these two pathways metabolically?
acetyl coenzyme A
what is produced in the citric acid cycle; exhaled when breathing out?
carbon dioxide
Overall function of cellular respiration
release energy from nutrient molecules to be used as cellular energy
The anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration occur in the _____ and the aerobic reactions of cellular respiration occur in the _____
cytoplasm; mitochondria
