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A&P 1 > Final Prep > Flashcards

Final Prep Flashcards

1
Q

In all organisms, what is the basic unit of structure and function?

A

cell

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2
Q

Tissue definition

A

Layer of a mass of cells that perform a specific function

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3
Q

Define metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions in cell or body

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4
Q

What is responsiveness of an organism?

A

ability to adjust to changes

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5
Q

Homeostasis definition

A

maintain constant stable internal environment

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6
Q

What type of mechanism is required to maintain a stable internal environment?

A

negative feedback loop

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7
Q

Negative feedback definition

A

stimulation to change variable in opposite direction

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8
Q

Parietal layer of a serous membrane line what?

A

body cavities

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9
Q

Visceral layer of a serous membrane covers what?

A

organs

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10
Q

A body has been sectioned in such a way that both lungs and the urinary bladder are visible. What type of section was used?

A

frontal

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11
Q

Upper mid portion of the abdomen is call the _____ region.

A

epigastric

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12
Q

What requirement of life is the most abundant chemical in the body and is the major component of extracellular fluid?

A

water

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13
Q

The pancreas releases hormones. it also releases enzymes needed to break down food. Because of this dual role, the pancreas could be considered part of what two organ systems?

A

endocrine and digestive

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14
Q

Matter is composed of elements which are in turn composed of what?

A

atomsHow

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15
Q

is the atomic number of an atom calculated?

A

of protons in the nucleus

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16
Q

Atomic mass of an atom?

A

protons plus # of neutrons

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17
Q

Definition and examples of Cations

A

positively charged ions element loses electron: Hydrogen, sodium, calcium, potassiumHow does

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18
Q

1 isotope differ from another of the same element?

A

atomic mass

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19
Q

What group of elements accounts for more than 95% of the human body by weight?

A

calcium, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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20
Q

How do the atoms of different elements differ from one another?

A

of atomic # atomic mass

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21
Q

How do isotopes of a particular element compare to each other?

A

different mass #; same atomic #

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22
Q

What particles are located in the nucleus of an atom?

A

proton and neutrons

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23
Q

What is the mass number of an element whose atoms contain eight protons, eight electrons, and eight neutrons?

A

16

24
Q

First electron shell of an atom holds a max of how many electrons?

A

2

25
Q

An atom has a full innermost shell and 3 electrons in its second shell. what would happen when this atom forms a chemical bond?

A

lose 3 electrons in outer shell

26
Q

Why is a complete atom considered to be electrically neutral?

A

positive protons equal # negative electrons

27
Q

Chemical bonding occurs because of interactions between what?

A

electrons

28
Q

What are the 3 major parts of a cell?

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

29
Q

Why is the cell membrane selectively permeable?

A

It controls entrance and exit of the cell

30
Q

Describe the structural organization of cell membrane?

A

phospholipid bilayer: protein molecules embedded in it

31
Q

Integral protein

A

crosses cell membrane

32
Q

ATP is used to wet many cellular processes. Some genetic disorders are the result of defects in ATP creation. Which organelle is likely affected in these disorders?

A

mitochondria

33
Q

Main function of crustal in mitochondria

A

increase inner membrane for chemical reactions

34
Q

How are DNA molecules stored in the nucleus?

A

couplex w/ protein in form of chromatin

35
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

directs activity of the cell

36
Q

Defining characteristic of a stem cell

A

self renewal

37
Q

Define metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

38
Q

Why is protein synthesis so important to the body?

A

enzymes are composed of proteins are essential

39
Q

What is an example of catabolism

A

chemical reaction that release energy

40
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

bonds formed and water released

41
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

addition of water to break bond

42
Q

Molecules that function to increase the rate of chemical reactions are called what?

A

enzyme

43
Q

Description of enzyme

A

catalyst for chemical reaction

44
Q

Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. Individuals who are lactose intolerant lack the enzyme to break this sugar down into monosaccharides. Considering enzyme nomenclature, what enzyme is deficient in these individuals?

A

lactase

45
Q

What are the basic steps of an enzyme catalyzed reaction?

A

substrate and enzyme combine, forming ES complex

46
Q

Describe the interaction between an enzyme and its substrate

A

parts of enzyme temporarily binds to substrate

47
Q

What is an important mechanism that controls metabolic pathways?

A

negative feedback

48
Q

What factors increase the rate of enzyme controlled reactions?

A

enzymes, # substrate molecules, efficiency of enzyme

49
Q

A cofactor is ____. Examples are __________

A

necessary part of an enzyme; copper, iron, zinc

50
Q

Humans require vitamins in their diets. What is a major function of these vitamins in the body?

A

function as coenzymes

51
Q

What becomes more abundant during cellular respiration

A

ATP

52
Q

What molecule is common to both the carb and lipid metabolic pathways and connects these two pathways metabolically?

A

acetyl coenzyme A

53
Q

what is produced in the citric acid cycle; exhaled when breathing out?

A

carbon dioxide

54
Q

Overall function of cellular respiration

A

release energy from nutrient molecules to be used as cellular energy

55
Q

The anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration occur in the _____ and the aerobic reactions of cellular respiration occur in the _____

A

cytoplasm; mitochondria

56
Q
A

A&P 1 (8 decks)

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