Final Pharmacology Flashcards
Refers to the type of preparation in which the drug is supplied.
Drug form
synonym to Drug preparation
- Disks of compressed drug
- Comes in a variety of shapes, colors, and may be coated to enhance swallowing, and may be
scored
Tablet
- Tablet with a special coating that resists disintegration by gastric juices
- Some drugs that are irritating to the stomach, such as aspirin, are available in
enteric-coated tablets
- Drug contained within a gelatin-type container
- Easier to swallow than noncoated tablets
- Double chamber may be pulled apart to add drug powder to soft foods or beverages for
patients who have difficulty swallowing
Capsule
- Drug particles that have various coatings that differ in the amount of time required
before the coatings dissolve. - Designed to deliver a dose of drug over an extended period of time.
- An advantage of taking a drug in the sustained-release form is the decreased frequency
of administration. - Must not be crushed or mixed with foods unless specifically allowed by the drug
manufacturer.
Sustained-release capsule or tablet
- Tablet containing palatable flavouring, indicated for a local (often soothing) effect on the
throat or mouth. - Patient is advised not to swallow a lozenge; should be allowed to slowly dissolve in the
mouth - Patient is also advised not to drink liquids for approximately 15 minutes after
administration
Lozenge (troche)
- Liquid form of medication that must be shaken well before administration because the drug
particles settle at the bottom of the bottle.
Suspension
- Liquid drug preparation that contains oils and fats in water
Emulsion
Liquid drug forms with alcohol evaporation.
* Should be tightly capped to prevent alcohol evaporation.
* Should not be available to alcoholics. Caution in small children.
Elixir
Sweetened, flavoured liquid drug form.
Syrup
- Liquid drug form in which the drug is totally and evenly dissolved
- Appearance is clear rather than cloudy or settled.
Solution
Drug suspended in a substance, such as cocoa butter, that melts at body temperature.
Suppository
Drug may be either a suspension or a solution to be administered as an enema.
Enema
Injectable Drug Form
* Drug suspended (suspension) or dissolved (solution) in a sterile vehicle.
* Quite often the solution have a sterile water base and are thus referred to as aqueous
(waterlike) solutions.
* Some solutions have an oil base (viscous solutions), which tends to cause a more
prolonged absorption time.
Liquid
Injectable Drug Solution
Dry particles of drugs that must be mixed with a sterile diluting solution to render an
injectable solution (reconstitution)
The various injection routes differ according to the type of tissues into which the drug is
deposited and the rate of absorption.
Powder
- Injected directly into a vein.
- Immediate absorption and availability to major organs renders this route a dangerous
one.
Intravenous
a small volume of drug (bolus) injected into a peripheral saline lock,
attached to a vein. Can also be injected into a port on a primary (continuous) injection
line.
IV push,
a large volume of fluids, often with drugs added, that infuses
continually into a vein.
IV infusion or IV drip,
a drug diluted in moderate volume (50-100 ml) of fluid for
intermittent infusion at specified intervals.
IV piggyback (IVPB),
- Injected into a muscle by positioning the needle and
syringe at a 90-degree angle from the skin. - Absorption is fairly rapid due to the vascularity in muscle.
IntraMuscular
- Injected into the fatty layer of tissue below the skin by
positioning the needle and syringe at a 45-degree angle
from the skin. - Sometimes, especially with self-administration or
a shorter needle, a 90-degree angle is used
Subcutaneous
- Injected just beneath the skin by positioning the needle bevel up and the syringe at a
15-degree angle from the skin. - Used primarily for allergy skin testing.
- Tuberculin (TB) skin tests (PPD) are also administered ID, and the site is inspected 48-
72 h later for hardness (induration) and swelling.
Intradermal
- Injected into a catheter that has been placed by an anesthesiologist in the epidural space
of the spinal canal. - have become a popular and widely accepted vehicle for the management of
acute postoperative pain.
Epidurals
- Injected directly into the marrow of long bones.
Intraosseous
- Drugs injected directly into the brain via a catheter (ventriculostomy)
placed in a brain ventricle.
Intraventricular
- Injected into the subarachnoid space, which contains cerebrospinal fluid
that surrounds the spibnal cord. - Drugs injected by this route are frequently anesthetics, which render a
lack of sensation to those regions of the body distal to the intraspinal
injection.
Intraspinal
- A semisolid preparation containing a drug, for external application.
- Creams are more aqueous in nature and ointments tend to be thicker or more viscous
Cream or Ointment
- A liquid preparation applied externally for the treatment of skin disorders.
- Should be patted, not rubbed, on the affected skin.
Lotion
- Preparation for external use that is rubbed on the skin as a counterirritant.
- creates a different sensation to mask pain in the skin or muscles.
Liniment
- Skin patch containing drug molecules that can be absorbed through the skin at varying
rates to promote a consistent blood level of the drug between application times.
Transdermal patch
– Drugs in sterile liquids to be applied by drops.
Eye, ear, and nose drops
– Sterile semisolid preparation, often antibiotic in nature, only
for ophthalmic use
Eye ointment
– Medicated creams, often of antibiotic or antifungal
nature, that are to be inserted vaginally with the use of a
special applicator.
Vaginal creams
– Drug suspended in a substance, such
as cocoa butter, that melts at body
temperature, for local effect.
Rectal and vaginal suppositories
– Sterile solution, often an antiseptic such as povidone-iodine solution and sterile water, used to irrigate the
vaginal canal.
Douche solution
– Tablet that is absorbed via the buccal mucosa in the mouth.
It is to be placed between the cheek and gums.
Buccal tablet
– Tablet that is absorbed via the mucosa under the
tongue.
Sublingual tablet
A route that is a very fast acting (second to IV route) and effective
route for delivering humidification and medication directly into the
respiratory system.
Inhalation route
In the hospital setting, respiratory therapists instill a liquid into a
chamber of a nebulizer for a patient’s breathing treatment. Often the
liquid contains a bronchodilator, a mucolytic agent, or a sterile saline
solution for moisture.
* In the home, the patient may instill aerosol sprays into the respiratory
system via a small-volume nebulizer (SVN), a metered-dose inhaler
(MDI), or a dry-powdered inhaler.
Spray or mist
Two types of disposable cups are commonly used: paper cups for tablets and capsules,
and plastic medicine cups with measurements for dispensing oral liquid medications.
Medicine cup
Small glass container that holds a single
dose of sterile solution for injection.
Ampule
Glass container sealed at the top by a
rubber stopper to enhance sterility of the
contents.
* Contents may be a solution or a powdered
drug that needs to be reconstituted.
Vial
varies from short (3/8 inch) to medium (1-1½ inch) for standard
injections. Long needles (5 inch) may be used for intraspinal or
intraosseous routes.
Length
is a number that represents the diameter of the needle lumen
(opening). Gauge 16 (largest) to 31 (smallest)
Gauge
- 2-3 mL; usually with a needle attached
Hypodermic syringe (standard)
- Used strictly for administering insulin to diabetics.
- Standard insulin syringe has only a 1-mL capacity, which is equivalent to 100
units
Insulin syringe
- Very narrow and is finely calibrated
- Has a total capacity of 1 mL
- Commonly used for newborn and pediatric dosages and for ID skin tests.
TB syringe
- Some oral liquid medications are dispensed from the pharmacy in disposable
plastic syringes with rubber or plastic covers on the tip. - These syringes are labeled “Not for injection” or “For oral use only.
Oral syringes
What is a synthetic drug that is more often initially used as a cheaper alternative to cocaine?
Amphetamines
What is culturally defined and may be considered drug use inconsistent with medical or social norms?
Drug Abuse
What is the state of being influenced, or affected by a drug or other toxic substances?
Intoxification
What is the sustained avoidance of substance abuse?
Abstinence
What is usually sold as marijuana or hashish?
Cannabis
What is a group of signs and symptoms that occurs in physically dependent persons when drug use is stopped?
Withdrawal Syndrome
What is the return to substance use during abstinence?
Relapse
What is a complex disease of the CNS characterized by a compulsive, uncontrolled craving for and dependence on a substance to such a degree that cessation causes severe emotional, mental, and physiologic reactions?
Drug Addiction
What is the primary organ for metabolism for Drugs of abuse?
Liver
What is the most widely consumed substance of abuse in the U.S. and what can lead to dependence and significant health, social, legal, and interpersonal problems?
Alcohol
What is another characteristic of addiction that occur after a long periods of abstinence and is a common cause of relapse?
Craving
What refers to indiscriminate or recreational use of a chemical substance or its use for purposes other than those for which it is intended?
Drug Misuse
What is the need for a larger dose of a drug to obtain the original euphoria?
Drug Tolerance
What it involves treating an intoxicated patient to diminish or remove drugs or their effects from the body?
Detoxification
What it involves treating an intoxicated patient to diminish or remove drugs or their effects from the body?
Detoxification
What is a rectal drug form that is cocoa butter and melts at body temperature?
Suppository
What is an oral drug form that contains palatable flavouring, indicated for a local effecr on the throat or mouth?
Lozenge or Troche
What is a topical drug form that is a semisolid preparation containing a drug for external application?
Cream
What is an oral drug form that comes in a variety of shapes, colors, and may be coated to enhance swallowing, and may be scored?
Tablet
What is a topical drug form that contains drug molecules that can be absorbed through the skin at varying rates?
Transdermal Patch
What is an oral drug form that can be cut into half or third?
Scored tablet
What is an oral drug form that forms a bubble and foam on top, the most common example is Alka-seltzer?
Effervescent
What is a a device used to cut or crush medication to aid in consumption?
Pill crusher
is rapidly absorbed into the blood through the lungs in
smoking and more slowly through the buccal mucosa in chewing
and the nasal mucosa in snuffing.
Nicotine
are recommended for all tobacco users in
addition to behavioral and support therapies
NRT or Nicotine Replacement Therapy
- Five NRTs in the form of have been approved by FDA to reduce the craving and withdrawal
symptoms associated with tobacco cessation. - These agents enable a smoker to reduce nicotine previously obtained from
cigarettes with a system that provides slower delivery of the drug and eliminates the
carcinogens and gases associated with tobacco smoke.
gum, lozenges, transdermal patches, nasal spray, and
inhalers
is an antidepressant unrelated to nicotine that has been
approved by the FDA for smoking cessation.
Buproprion
is a novel drug approved for smoking cessation
that is an alternative to NRT and buproprion.
Varenicline (Chantix)
are used as
second-line drugs to reduce nicotine withdrawal symptoms and
promote cessation.
- These drugs are not approved by the FDA for this purpose, and their
action in nicotine addiction is not clearly understood.
Nortryptyline (Aventyl, Pamelor) and clonidine (Catapres)
is a naturally occurring potent stimulant, an
alkaloid that was originally obtained from the leaves
of the coca plant but today can be prepared
synthetically.
Cocaine
is popular because it is less expensive, readily available, and easy
to use, and has increased purity over cocaine hydrochloride.
Crack
a well-established medication for treatment of
alcoholism, has helped nonalcoholic people addicted to cocaine reduce
drug use from 2.5 days per week to 0.5 days per week on average.
disulfiram (Antabuse),
a CNS stimulant used for
treatment of narcolepsy, is combined with behavioral therapy, the likelihood
of cocaine abstinence increases.
modafinil (Provigil),
have shown some efficacy for treating cocaine
addiction and amy benefit some individuals, but they are not
approved for this use by the FDA.
The anticonvulsant topiramate (Topamax) and the antiemetic
ondansetron (Zofran)
Is a synthetic drug and, with its derivatives and similar stimulants, is
strictly regulated today.
Because amphetamines may be used therapeutically as CNS
stimulants, abuse may rise out of slow escalation of a prescribed dose.
However, they are more often initially used a cheaper alternative to
cocaine.
Amphetamines
” is the name for a group of synthetic stimulants that mimic
many effects of amphetamines.
Bath salts
is the most widely used psychoactive substance in the world.
Its use to promote alertness and to alleviate fatigue is safe in most people.
Caffeine
Drugs classified as, have common physiologic and
psychological effects of sedation, decreased respiratory and
cardiac rates, and depressed CNS function.
depressants
an
inflammatory, hemorrhagic, degenerative condition of the brain
resulting from a deficiency of thiamine owing to malnutrition
associated with chronic alcohol use.
Wernicke’s encephalopathy,
Untreated or progressive Wernicke’s encephalopathy may lead to ——BLANK—– a form of amnesia characterized by loss
of short-term memory and an inability to learn.
Korsakoff’s psychosis,
with long half-lives are the most effective
drugs in alcohol withdrawal to stabilize vital signs, reduce
symptoms, and decrease the risk of seizures and delirium.
Benzodiazepines
is a pure opioid antagonist that decreases craving for
alcohol and blocks the “high” of alcohol use.
Naltrexone
is used to decrease unpleasant feelings such
as tension, anxiety, and cravings brought about by abstinence from
alcohol.
Acamprosate (Campral)
Overdoses of benzodiazepines are treated with
flumazenil
(Romazicon),
include the naturally occurring opiates derived from opium
and the many semisynthetic narcotic agents used as analgesics.
Opioids
in decreasing doses over 10 to 14 days is
most often used to decrease symptoms during opioid
detoxification.
Methadone (Dolophine)
is an agonist-antagonist opioid that
may be used for detoxification and maintenance therapy.
Buprenorphine (Buprenex)
is the active ingredient in
cannabis responsible for most of the psychoactive effects.
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Psychedelic drugs are often referred to as .
hallucinogens
