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NURSING > Final Pharmacology > Flashcards

Final Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

Refers to the type of preparation in which the drug is supplied.

A

Drug form
synonym to Drug preparation

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2
Q
  • Disks of compressed drug
  • Comes in a variety of shapes, colors, and may be coated to enhance swallowing, and may be
    scored
A

Tablet

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3
Q
  • Tablet with a special coating that resists disintegration by gastric juices
  • Some drugs that are irritating to the stomach, such as aspirin, are available in
A

enteric-coated tablets

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4
Q
  • Drug contained within a gelatin-type container
  • Easier to swallow than noncoated tablets
  • Double chamber may be pulled apart to add drug powder to soft foods or beverages for
    patients who have difficulty swallowing
A

Capsule

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5
Q
  • Drug particles that have various coatings that differ in the amount of time required
    before the coatings dissolve.
  • Designed to deliver a dose of drug over an extended period of time.
  • An advantage of taking a drug in the sustained-release form is the decreased frequency
    of administration.
  • Must not be crushed or mixed with foods unless specifically allowed by the drug
    manufacturer.
A

Sustained-release capsule or tablet

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6
Q
  • Tablet containing palatable flavouring, indicated for a local (often soothing) effect on the
    throat or mouth.
  • Patient is advised not to swallow a lozenge; should be allowed to slowly dissolve in the
    mouth
  • Patient is also advised not to drink liquids for approximately 15 minutes after
    administration
A

Lozenge (troche)

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7
Q
  • Liquid form of medication that must be shaken well before administration because the drug
    particles settle at the bottom of the bottle.
A

Suspension

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8
Q
  • Liquid drug preparation that contains oils and fats in water
A

Emulsion

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9
Q

Liquid drug forms with alcohol evaporation.
* Should be tightly capped to prevent alcohol evaporation.
* Should not be available to alcoholics. Caution in small children.

A

Elixir

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10
Q

Sweetened, flavoured liquid drug form.

A

Syrup

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11
Q
  • Liquid drug form in which the drug is totally and evenly dissolved
  • Appearance is clear rather than cloudy or settled.
A

Solution

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12
Q

Drug suspended in a substance, such as cocoa butter, that melts at body temperature.

A

Suppository

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13
Q

Drug may be either a suspension or a solution to be administered as an enema.

A

Enema

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14
Q

Injectable Drug Form
* Drug suspended (suspension) or dissolved (solution) in a sterile vehicle.
* Quite often the solution have a sterile water base and are thus referred to as aqueous
(waterlike) solutions.
* Some solutions have an oil base (viscous solutions), which tends to cause a more
prolonged absorption time.

A

Liquid

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15
Q

Injectable Drug Solution
Dry particles of drugs that must be mixed with a sterile diluting solution to render an
injectable solution (reconstitution)
The various injection routes differ according to the type of tissues into which the drug is
deposited and the rate of absorption.

A

Powder

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16
Q
  • Injected directly into a vein.
  • Immediate absorption and availability to major organs renders this route a dangerous
    one.
A

Intravenous

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17
Q

a small volume of drug (bolus) injected into a peripheral saline lock,
attached to a vein. Can also be injected into a port on a primary (continuous) injection
line.

A

IV push,

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18
Q

a large volume of fluids, often with drugs added, that infuses
continually into a vein.

A

IV infusion or IV drip,

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19
Q

a drug diluted in moderate volume (50-100 ml) of fluid for
intermittent infusion at specified intervals.

A

IV piggyback (IVPB),

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20
Q
  • Injected into a muscle by positioning the needle and
    syringe at a 90-degree angle from the skin.
  • Absorption is fairly rapid due to the vascularity in muscle.
A

IntraMuscular

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21
Q
  • Injected into the fatty layer of tissue below the skin by
    positioning the needle and syringe at a 45-degree angle
    from the skin.
  • Sometimes, especially with self-administration or
    a shorter needle, a 90-degree angle is used
A

Subcutaneous

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22
Q
  • Injected just beneath the skin by positioning the needle bevel up and the syringe at a
    15-degree angle from the skin.
  • Used primarily for allergy skin testing.
  • Tuberculin (TB) skin tests (PPD) are also administered ID, and the site is inspected 48-
    72 h later for hardness (induration) and swelling.
A

Intradermal

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23
Q
  • Injected into a catheter that has been placed by an anesthesiologist in the epidural space
    of the spinal canal.
  • have become a popular and widely accepted vehicle for the management of
    acute postoperative pain.
A

Epidurals

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24
Q
  • Injected directly into the marrow of long bones.
A

Intraosseous

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25
Q
  • Drugs injected directly into the brain via a catheter (ventriculostomy)
    placed in a brain ventricle.
A

Intraventricular

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26
Q
  • Injected into the subarachnoid space, which contains cerebrospinal fluid
    that surrounds the spibnal cord.
  • Drugs injected by this route are frequently anesthetics, which render a
    lack of sensation to those regions of the body distal to the intraspinal
    injection.
A

Intraspinal

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27
Q
  • A semisolid preparation containing a drug, for external application.
  • Creams are more aqueous in nature and ointments tend to be thicker or more viscous
A

Cream or Ointment

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28
Q
  • A liquid preparation applied externally for the treatment of skin disorders.
  • Should be patted, not rubbed, on the affected skin.
A

Lotion

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29
Q
  • Preparation for external use that is rubbed on the skin as a counterirritant.
  • creates a different sensation to mask pain in the skin or muscles.
A

Liniment

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30
Q
  • Skin patch containing drug molecules that can be absorbed through the skin at varying
    rates to promote a consistent blood level of the drug between application times.
A

Transdermal patch

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31
Q

– Drugs in sterile liquids to be applied by drops.

A

Eye, ear, and nose drops

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32
Q

– Sterile semisolid preparation, often antibiotic in nature, only
for ophthalmic use

A

Eye ointment

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33
Q

– Medicated creams, often of antibiotic or antifungal
nature, that are to be inserted vaginally with the use of a
special applicator.

A

Vaginal creams

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34
Q

– Drug suspended in a substance, such
as cocoa butter, that melts at body
temperature, for local effect.

A

Rectal and vaginal suppositories

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35
Q

– Sterile solution, often an antiseptic such as povidone-iodine solution and sterile water, used to irrigate the
vaginal canal.

A

Douche solution

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36
Q

– Tablet that is absorbed via the buccal mucosa in the mouth.
It is to be placed between the cheek and gums.

A

Buccal tablet

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37
Q

– Tablet that is absorbed via the mucosa under the
tongue.

A

Sublingual tablet

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38
Q

A route that is a very fast acting (second to IV route) and effective
route for delivering humidification and medication directly into the
respiratory system.

A

Inhalation route

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39
Q

In the hospital setting, respiratory therapists instill a liquid into a
chamber of a nebulizer for a patient’s breathing treatment. Often the
liquid contains a bronchodilator, a mucolytic agent, or a sterile saline
solution for moisture.
* In the home, the patient may instill aerosol sprays into the respiratory
system via a small-volume nebulizer (SVN), a metered-dose inhaler
(MDI), or a dry-powdered inhaler.

A

Spray or mist

40
Q

Two types of disposable cups are commonly used: paper cups for tablets and capsules,
and plastic medicine cups with measurements for dispensing oral liquid medications.

A

Medicine cup

41
Q

Small glass container that holds a single
dose of sterile solution for injection.

A

Ampule

42
Q

Glass container sealed at the top by a
rubber stopper to enhance sterility of the
contents.
* Contents may be a solution or a powdered
drug that needs to be reconstituted.

A

Vial

43
Q

varies from short (3/8 inch) to medium (1-1½ inch) for standard
injections. Long needles (5 inch) may be used for intraspinal or
intraosseous routes.

A

Length

44
Q

is a number that represents the diameter of the needle lumen
(opening). Gauge 16 (largest) to 31 (smallest)

A

Gauge

45
Q
  • 2-3 mL; usually with a needle attached
A

Hypodermic syringe (standard)

46
Q
  • Used strictly for administering insulin to diabetics.
  • Standard insulin syringe has only a 1-mL capacity, which is equivalent to 100
    units
A

Insulin syringe

47
Q
  • Very narrow and is finely calibrated
  • Has a total capacity of 1 mL
  • Commonly used for newborn and pediatric dosages and for ID skin tests.
A

TB syringe

48
Q
  • Some oral liquid medications are dispensed from the pharmacy in disposable
    plastic syringes with rubber or plastic covers on the tip.
  • These syringes are labeled “Not for injection” or “For oral use only.
A

Oral syringes

49
Q

What is a synthetic drug that is more often initially used as a cheaper alternative to cocaine?

A

Amphetamines

50
Q

What is culturally defined and may be considered drug use inconsistent with medical or social norms?

A

Drug Abuse

51
Q

What is the state of being influenced, or affected by a drug or other toxic substances?

A

Intoxification

52
Q

What is the sustained avoidance of substance abuse?

A

Abstinence

53
Q

What is usually sold as marijuana or hashish?

A

Cannabis

54
Q

What is a group of signs and symptoms that occurs in physically dependent persons when drug use is stopped?

A

Withdrawal Syndrome

55
Q

What is the return to substance use during abstinence?

A

Relapse

56
Q

What is a complex disease of the CNS characterized by a compulsive, uncontrolled craving for and dependence on a substance to such a degree that cessation causes severe emotional, mental, and physiologic reactions?

A

Drug Addiction

57
Q

What is the primary organ for metabolism for Drugs of abuse?

A

Liver

58
Q

What is the most widely consumed substance of abuse in the U.S. and what can lead to dependence and significant health, social, legal, and interpersonal problems?

A

Alcohol

59
Q

What is another characteristic of addiction that occur after a long periods of abstinence and is a common cause of relapse?

A

Craving

60
Q

What refers to indiscriminate or recreational use of a chemical substance or its use for purposes other than those for which it is intended?

A

Drug Misuse

61
Q

What is the need for a larger dose of a drug to obtain the original euphoria?

A

Drug Tolerance

62
Q

What it involves treating an intoxicated patient to diminish or remove drugs or their effects from the body?

A

Detoxification

62
Q

What it involves treating an intoxicated patient to diminish or remove drugs or their effects from the body?

A

Detoxification

63
Q

What is a rectal drug form that is cocoa butter and melts at body temperature?

A

Suppository

64
Q

What is an oral drug form that contains palatable flavouring, indicated for a local effecr on the throat or mouth?

A

Lozenge or Troche

65
Q

What is a topical drug form that is a semisolid preparation containing a drug for external application?

A

Cream

66
Q

What is an oral drug form that comes in a variety of shapes, colors, and may be coated to enhance swallowing, and may be scored?

A

Tablet

67
Q

What is a topical drug form that contains drug molecules that can be absorbed through the skin at varying rates?

A

Transdermal Patch

68
Q

What is an oral drug form that can be cut into half or third?

A

Scored tablet

69
Q

What is an oral drug form that forms a bubble and foam on top, the most common example is Alka-seltzer?

A

Effervescent

70
Q

What is a a device used to cut or crush medication to aid in consumption?

A

Pill crusher

71
Q

is rapidly absorbed into the blood through the lungs in
smoking and more slowly through the buccal mucosa in chewing
and the nasal mucosa in snuffing.

A

Nicotine

72
Q

are recommended for all tobacco users in
addition to behavioral and support therapies

A

NRT or Nicotine Replacement Therapy

73
Q
  • Five NRTs in the form of have been approved by FDA to reduce the craving and withdrawal
    symptoms associated with tobacco cessation.
  • These agents enable a smoker to reduce nicotine previously obtained from
    cigarettes with a system that provides slower delivery of the drug and eliminates the
    carcinogens and gases associated with tobacco smoke.
A

gum, lozenges, transdermal patches, nasal spray, and
inhalers

74
Q

is an antidepressant unrelated to nicotine that has been
approved by the FDA for smoking cessation.

A

Buproprion

75
Q

is a novel drug approved for smoking cessation
that is an alternative to NRT and buproprion.

A

Varenicline (Chantix)

76
Q

are used as
second-line drugs to reduce nicotine withdrawal symptoms and
promote cessation.
- These drugs are not approved by the FDA for this purpose, and their
action in nicotine addiction is not clearly understood.

A

Nortryptyline (Aventyl, Pamelor) and clonidine (Catapres)

77
Q

is a naturally occurring potent stimulant, an
alkaloid that was originally obtained from the leaves
of the coca plant but today can be prepared
synthetically.

A

Cocaine

78
Q

is popular because it is less expensive, readily available, and easy
to use, and has increased purity over cocaine hydrochloride.

A

Crack

79
Q

a well-established medication for treatment of
alcoholism, has helped nonalcoholic people addicted to cocaine reduce
drug use from 2.5 days per week to 0.5 days per week on average.

A

disulfiram (Antabuse),

80
Q

a CNS stimulant used for
treatment of narcolepsy, is combined with behavioral therapy, the likelihood
of cocaine abstinence increases.

A

modafinil (Provigil),

81
Q

have shown some efficacy for treating cocaine
addiction and amy benefit some individuals, but they are not
approved for this use by the FDA.

A

The anticonvulsant topiramate (Topamax) and the antiemetic
ondansetron (Zofran)

82
Q

Is a synthetic drug and, with its derivatives and similar stimulants, is
strictly regulated today.
 Because amphetamines may be used therapeutically as CNS
stimulants, abuse may rise out of slow escalation of a prescribed dose.
 However, they are more often initially used a cheaper alternative to
cocaine.

A

Amphetamines

83
Q

” is the name for a group of synthetic stimulants that mimic
many effects of amphetamines.

A

Bath salts

84
Q

is the most widely used psychoactive substance in the world.
 Its use to promote alertness and to alleviate fatigue is safe in most people.

A

Caffeine

85
Q

Drugs classified as, have common physiologic and
psychological effects of sedation, decreased respiratory and
cardiac rates, and depressed CNS function.

A

depressants

86
Q

an
inflammatory, hemorrhagic, degenerative condition of the brain
resulting from a deficiency of thiamine owing to malnutrition
associated with chronic alcohol use.

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy,

87
Q

Untreated or progressive Wernicke’s encephalopathy may lead to ——BLANK—– a form of amnesia characterized by loss
of short-term memory and an inability to learn.

A

Korsakoff’s psychosis,

88
Q

with long half-lives are the most effective
drugs in alcohol withdrawal to stabilize vital signs, reduce
symptoms, and decrease the risk of seizures and delirium.

A

Benzodiazepines

89
Q

is a pure opioid antagonist that decreases craving for
alcohol and blocks the “high” of alcohol use.

A

Naltrexone

90
Q

is used to decrease unpleasant feelings such
as tension, anxiety, and cravings brought about by abstinence from
alcohol.

A

Acamprosate (Campral)

91
Q

Overdoses of benzodiazepines are treated with

A

flumazenil
(Romazicon),

92
Q

include the naturally occurring opiates derived from opium
and the many semisynthetic narcotic agents used as analgesics.

A

Opioids

93
Q

in decreasing doses over 10 to 14 days is
most often used to decrease symptoms during opioid
detoxification.

A

Methadone (Dolophine)

94
Q

is an agonist-antagonist opioid that
may be used for detoxification and maintenance therapy.

A

Buprenorphine (Buprenex)

95
Q

is the active ingredient in
cannabis responsible for most of the psychoactive effects.

A

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

96
Q

Psychedelic drugs are often referred to as .

A

hallucinogens

NURSING (12 decks)

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