Bioethics Flashcards
8 virtues of healthcare provider
Fidelity
Honesty
Integrity
Humility
Respect
Compassion
Prudence
Courage
The faculty of the
human person to
choose what is good
against what is deemed
to be bad or evil
Vitues
-Derived from the
Latin word fidelitas
which means
faithfulness
- Faithfulness to
one’s
obligations,
duties and
responsibilities
Fidelity
*Derived from the Latin word honestus which
means honor
*A nurse is supposed to be sincere, truthful,
straightforward, decent, comely (pleasing
appearance), tidy, open, upright, virtuous,
trustworthy, fair, honorable, creditable, and
of good moral character
*A nurse should not cheat or steal anything
from his/her patient
Honesty
*Comes from the Latin word enteros
which means whole
*Makes a human person complete
*A nurse practices integrity when he/she
does his/her duties and obligations
according to the beliefs, principles, and
values he/she claims to embrace
*Free from hypocrisy.
Integrity
It does not mean that one
has to think less of himself/herself;
rather, it invites one to think of
himself/herself less.
*A nurse ceases to think of his/her
own needs as he/she transcends
his/her attention to the needs of the
patients
Humility
*An act through which one takes notice of
others
*Regard other with special attention,
esteem, and care, or to consider other
worthy of esteem and honor
*Patients are also bound to respect nurses
*Acknowledge the feelings, beliefs,
convictions, status, and condition of the
patient
Respect
A feeling of deep sympathy
and sorrow for someone struck
by misfortune, accompanied by
a desire to alleviate the
suffering
*Nurses should be sensitive to
their patients
Compassion
*An exercise of good judgment,
common sense, and caution in the
conduct of practical matters
*The overarching virtue that ties
together discretion, foresight,
forethought, and circumspection
*Being careful to avoid embarrassing
and distressing situations
Prudence
*The quality of mind or spirit
that enables a person to face
difficulty, danger, and pain
without fear
*Nurses are expected to be bold
in undertaking a very sensitive
job
Courage
*The quality of mind or spirit
that enables a person to face
difficulty, danger, and pain
without fear
*Nurses are expected to be bold
in undertaking a very sensitive
job
Courage
Derived from the Latin word
vitium which means failing or
defect
*The product of a repeated sinful
act
*Immoral, depraved, or degrading
act to all the members in a given
society
*Defect, infirmity, fault, iniquity,
offence, wickedness or corruption
Vices
*False representation of fact
*Deliberate deceit; trickery; an intentional perversion of
truth for the purpose of inducing another in reliance
upon it to part with some valuable thing belonging to
him, or surrender a legal right
Fraud
*A feeling of gratification arising from
association with something good or
laudable
*A high or inordinate opinion of one’s own
dignity, importance, merit, or superiority;
conceit; arrogance
*Egoism or vanity and often apply to
offensive characteristics
Pride
*Comes from the Latin word
avaritia which means avarice or
covetousness
*Excessive desire for wealth or
possessions
Greed
habits of being;
connatural qualities
● those that arise out of
the nature and structure
of ourselves, that are
necessary parts or
propensities arising from
our constitution
Entitative Habit
- habits of acting;
tendencies we have
developed in ourselves
from repeated acts - those that can be
acquired or relinquished - It can be a good or bad
habit
Operative Habit
▪ Only GOD can create life; humans
are capable only of manipulating or
destroying it.
▪ Along with the gift of LIFE, GOD
also gave intellect (to discover the
truth) and freedom (humans
became creative).
Stewardship
“Humans are the
shepherds of being in the world”
Martin Heidegger
Pursues the issue of the dignity of
the whole person, in essence of
the integrity of human life.
▪ Demands respect for the self and
respect for others.
▪ Respect is never a cause but always
an effect
Totality
Totality’s Golden Rule:
“Do unto others what you want others
do unto you.”
sine qua non
something essential
Refers to the duty to preserve
intact the physical component of
the integrated bodily and spiritual
nature of human life.
Totality
These principles dictate that the
well-being of the whole person
must be taken into account in
deciding about any therapeutic
intervention or use of technology.
Totality and Integrity
St. Thomas Aquinas recognized
that there are times when the
action one thinks one ought to do
will have good and bad effects.
Double Effect Act
- Indirect Voluntariness, or voluntary
in causa, refers to an act desired
not as an end in itself but as a
foreseen effect or consequence of
an act.
Double Effect Act
Developed as a way of helping
individuals discern how to properly
avoid, limit, or distance themselves
from evil (especially intrinsic evil)
in order to avoid a worse evil or to
achieve an important good.
Cooperation
▪ Occurs when a person or
organization freely participates in
the action(s) of a principal agent,
or shares in the agent’s intention,
either for its own sake or as a
means to some other goal.
Formal Cooperation
▪ Occurs when the cooperator participates
in circumstances that are essential to
the commission of an act, such that the
act could not occur without his
participation.
▪ in intrinsically evil actions is morally illicit.
Immediate Material Cooperation
Occurs when the cooperator
participates in circumstances that are
not essential to the commission of an
action, such that the action could occur
even without this cooperation.
Mediate Material Cooperation
▪ Invites us to consider the “how we
relate to each other in community.”
▪ It assumes that we recognize that
we are a part of at least one family
– our biological family, our local
community, or our national
community – but then challenges
us to consider the full range of
relationships with others.
* Requires us to consider an
extended community, and to act in
such a way that reflects concern
for the well-being of others.
Solidarity
- Holds that one is obliged to
preserve his or her own life by
making use of ordinary means, but
is under no obligation to use
extraordinary means.
Proportionate and Disproportionate
Any treatment that, in the given
circumstances and in the judgment
of the patient or the patient’s
surrogate, offers a reasonable
hope of benefit and is not too
burdensome for the patient or
others
Proportionate
Any treatment that, in the given
circumstances and in the judgment
of the patient or the patient’s
surrogate, either offers no
reasonable hope of benefit or is
too burdensome for the patient or
others.
Disproportionate
Consists of all the conditions of
society and the goods secured by
those conditions, which allow
individuals to achieve human and
spiritual flourishing.
▪ The human community must be
actively concerned in promoting the
health and welfare of every one of its
members so that each member can
contribute to the common good of all.
Common Good
Three essential elements of common good:
- Respect for persons.
- Social welfare.
- Peace and security.
Requires those in positions of
authority to recognize that
individuals have a right to
participate in decisions that directly
affect them, in accord with their
dignity and with their responsibility
to the common good.
Subsidiarity
are
defined as basis for nurse’s decisions on
consideration of consequences and of
universal moral principles when making
clinical judgments
Ethical Principles
What are the primary and basic ethical principles:
- Respect for autonomy
- Nonmaleficence
- Beneficience
- Justice
The secondary ethical principles that can be
incorporated with the primary principles when
interpreting ethical issues and making clinical
decisions are the following:
- Veracity
- Confidentiality
- Fidelity
According to ——– the most fundamental principle of
professional behavior is the respect for persons.
This principle not only applies to the clinical
settings but to all life’s situations.
American Nurses Association
(ANA),
This principle emphasizes that all people should
treat others as a worthy individual.
Respect for persons
is a method that promotes and
respects a person’s autonomy.
Informed consent
- Any notion of moral decision-making assumes
that rational agents are involved in making
informed and voluntary decisions. - The capacity to act intentionally, with
understanding, and without controlling
influences that would mitigate against a free and
voluntary act.
Autonomy
- Patients are informed of the possible outcomes,
alternatives, and risks of treatments, and are
required to give their consent freely - Assures the legal protection of patient’s right to
personal autonomy in regard to specific
treatments and procedures
Informed consent
Translates to professionals who restrict others’
autonomy, usually to protect that person from
perceived or anticipated harm.
– There must be a sufficient reason why the autonomy
of the individual must be restricted.
* It is appropriate when a patient is incompetent
and has diminished decision-making capacity
Paternalism
- The duty of health care providers to be of a benefit
to the patient, as well as to take positive steps to
prevent and to remove harm from the patient. - Applied both to individual patients, and to the
society as a whole. - Abstain from injuring others.
- Practice of doing good deeds, or showing kindness
& charity to others. - Taking actions that will promote the welfare of other
people.
Beneficence
Three major components of Beneficence:
Do or promote good
Prevent harm
Remove evil or harm
- DO NO HARM.
- It is the duty to help others further their important
and legitimate interests when we can do so with
minimal risk to ourselves. - Requires that we do not intentionally create a
needless harm or injury to the patient, either
through acts of commission or omission.
nonmaleficence
- Defined as a form of fairness, or as Aristotle
once said, “Giving to each that which is his due.”
Justice
Veracity – duty to tell the truth
* Confidentiality – duty to respect privileged
information
* Fidelity – duty to keep promises
secondary basis of ethical principles
what is right or wrong
for a person as a
member of a certain
professional or social
group
professional ethics
*Loaded with a lot of sensitivities and
vulnerabilities since it deals with LIFE
*Respects both the issues of life and death
Healthcare profession
▪states that people should adhere to their obligations and duties
when engaged in decision making when ethics are in play.
▪means that a person will follow his or her obligations to another
individual or society because upholding one’s duty is what is
considered ethically correct.
Deontology
It is this emphasis on duty that earns them the
name “deontological”, which is derived from the
Greek word “deon” for “duty” or “obligation”.
Deontology
