Final Lecture 17: March 26 Flashcards
wat is Melody:
A sequence of notes or chords perceived as a single coherent structure
Examples: “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star” or “Row row row your boat”
Melodies can be defined by their what
countours -
what are countours
the pattern of rises and declines in pitch – rather than by an exact sequence of sound frequencies
can Melodies can change octaves or keys and still be the same melody even if they have completely different notes
yes
Music is mostly processed where
in the right auditory cortex.
what is Congenital amusia:
Umbrella term for lifelong musical disabilities that cannot be attributed to intellectual disability, lack of exposure, or brain damage after birth
On standardised tests, amusics are impaired at detectingwhat
pitch deviations that are smaller than two semitones (ex. difference between D and C).
can congenital amuse people report tones that are out-of-key, i.e. that don’t fit with the melody.
That can’t report tones that are out-of-key, i.e. that don’t fit with the melody.
what is ERAN
(early right anterior negativity) is a negative event-related potential (ERP) that occurs 200 ms after the detection of a melodic tonal violation
what is P600
is a positive event-related potential (ERP) that occurs 600 ms the detection of a melodic tonal violation. It reflects the conscious perception of the tonal violation
what is Amusics ERAN and P600
have normal ERANs, but have no P600, which suggests that they lack conscious access to processed pitch deviances, i.e. they are «in-tune» but «unaware»
what is Absolute Pitch:
a rare ability whereby some people are able to very
accurately name or produce notes without comparison to other notes.
-> recent studies suggest it is ~ 1/1500.
is Absolute Pitch hereditary
Concordance rate for AP is higher in monozygotic twin pairs vs. Dizygotic twin pairs (i.e. AP is heritable), suggesting that genetic factors contribute to AP.
what is Tempo:
The perceived speed of the presentation of sounds.
what is Rhythm:
repeated pattern of sounds in time.
- other activities such as walking, dancing, etc… have rhythm. - rhythm is what allows us to sing all at the same time (together).
One way to influence the rhythm is to do what
by putting a «stress» on certain beats (e.g. every 3 or 4 beats).
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) – Critique of pure reason why does he think we should study perception
Attempt to reconcile rationalism with empiricism.
We may never really know the thing-in-itself (Noumenon)
All we can know is the impression that the noumenon exerts on our senses (Phenoumenon).
Our minds have to contribute innate knowledge in order to make sense of our sensations (space, time, cause and effect).
Perception is extremely rich and reliable and allows us to interact optimally with our environment.
Such perception could not have arisen in an environment completely at odds with our sensations (i.e. there has to be an external reality with objects located in space and time and interacting with each other in a cause-and-effects manner).
What is time
Time is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.
what dimensions time
Fourth dimension (in addition to the three spatial dimensions).
Time is «What the clock reads» - can it be reduced
Time is «What the clock reads» - it can’t be reduced to anything else!
Estimation error increases in proportion to what
to the target interval
The ratio of error/mean is a____
constant
Does time perception agrees with Weber?
Estimation error increases in proportion to the target interval
The ratio of error/mean is a constant
This adhere’s to Weber’s law
-> error is related to JND (if you are JNDs are a constant fraction of the standard
what are the Effects of dopamine
on time
Participants are trained to reproduce 7 s or 17 s intervals.
Then they receive amphetamines (dopamine agonists), haloperidol (dopamine antagonist), or an inert substance (placebo).
Dopamine reduces reproduction time, suggesting that it speeds up the internal clock.
what are the Effects of attention
on time
When attention is low some «counts» are lost and don’t make it into the accumulator.
what are the Effects of emotional arousal
on time
Aversive emotions speed up the clock
- Lights paired with an aversive sound are perceived as longer.
Intervals are perceived as longer after seeing frightening films than neutral films .
how was Effects of emotional arousal
on time tested
Temporal bisection procedure: Participants first encode a short (ex.:400ms) and long (ex.: 800ms) duration interval. Then, they are shown different intervals (between 400ms and 800ms) and have to decide if they are closer to the short or long targets.
does Depression slows down the clock or speed it up
Depression slows down the clock
Depressed individuals perceive intervals as shorters
give a summary of the Dopamine experiment and time
1) you listen to a tone of a certain duration (say 7 s)…..what you encode is an arbitrary number of “time units” generated by your internal clock at its normal pace (say 7 sec equals 70 time units).
2) then you take amphetamines - they make your clock go faster, say twice as fast.
3) you are asked to reproduce the duration, when you do that, you end up accumulating 70 time units in 3.5 seconds - your reproduction therefore last 3.5 seconds (instead of 7 seconds).
give a summary of Temporal Bisection experiment:
1) you encode a short (say 1 sec = 10 time units) and a long duration (say 10 sec = 100 time units)
2) you are presented with a duration of 4 sec. your clock is at the same speed as during encoding. 4s = 40 time units, you say it is closer to the short
3) you look at a frightening film - this makes your clock go twice as fast
4) you are presented with a duration of 4 sec again, but this time you accumulate 80 time units in 4s, you say it is closer to the long.
