Final Lecture 17: March 26 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

wat is Melody:

A

A sequence of notes or chords perceived as a single coherent structure
Examples: “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star” or “Row row row your boat”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Melodies can be defined by their what

A

countours -

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are countours

A

the pattern of rises and declines in pitch – rather than by an exact sequence of sound frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

can Melodies can change octaves or keys and still be the same melody even if they have completely different notes

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Music is mostly processed where

A

in the right auditory cortex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is Congenital amusia:

A

Umbrella term for lifelong musical disabilities that cannot be attributed to intellectual disability, lack of exposure, or brain damage after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

On standardised tests, amusics are impaired at detectingwhat

A

pitch deviations that are smaller than two semitones (ex. difference between D and C).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

can congenital amuse people report tones that are out-of-key, i.e. that don’t fit with the melody.

A

That can’t report tones that are out-of-key, i.e. that don’t fit with the melody.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is ERAN

A

(early right anterior negativity) is a negative event-related potential (ERP) that occurs 200 ms after the detection of a melodic tonal violation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is P600

A

is a positive event-related potential (ERP) that occurs 600 ms the detection of a melodic tonal violation. It reflects the conscious perception of the tonal violation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is Amusics ERAN and P600

A

have normal ERANs, but have no P600, which suggests that they lack conscious access to processed pitch deviances, i.e. they are «in-tune» but «unaware»

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is Absolute Pitch:

A

a rare ability whereby some people are able to very
accurately name or produce notes without comparison to other notes.
-> recent studies suggest it is ~ 1/1500.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

is Absolute Pitch hereditary

A

Concordance rate for AP is higher in monozygotic twin pairs vs. Dizygotic twin pairs (i.e. AP is heritable), suggesting that genetic factors contribute to AP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is Tempo:

A

The perceived speed of the presentation of sounds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is Rhythm:

A

repeated pattern of sounds in time.

- other activities such as walking, dancing, etc… have rhythm.
- rhythm is what allows us to sing all at the same time (together).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

One way to influence the rhythm is to do what

A

by putting a «stress» on certain beats (e.g. every 3 or 4 beats).

17
Q
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) – Critique of pure reason 
why does he think we should study perception
A

Attempt to reconcile rationalism with empiricism.

We may never really know the thing-in-itself (Noumenon)

All we can know is the impression that the noumenon exerts on our senses (Phenoumenon).

Our minds have to contribute innate knowledge in order to make sense of our sensations (space, time, cause and effect).

Perception is extremely rich and reliable and allows us to interact optimally with our environment.

Such perception could not have arisen in an environment completely at odds with our sensations (i.e. there has to be an external reality with objects located in space and time and interacting with each other in a cause-and-effects manner).

18
Q

What is time

A

Time is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.

19
Q

what dimensions time

A

Fourth dimension (in addition to the three spatial dimensions).

20
Q

Time is «What the clock reads» - can it be reduced

A

Time is «What the clock reads» - it can’t be reduced to anything else!

21
Q

Estimation error increases in proportion to what

A

to the target interval

22
Q

The ratio of error/mean is a____

A

constant

23
Q

Does time perception agrees with Weber?

A

Estimation error increases in proportion to the target interval

The ratio of error/mean is a constant

This adhere’s to Weber’s law
-> error is related to JND (if you are JNDs are a constant fraction of the standard

24
Q

what are the Effects of dopamine

on time

A

Participants are trained to reproduce 7 s or 17 s intervals.

Then they receive amphetamines (dopamine agonists), haloperidol (dopamine antagonist), or an inert substance (placebo).

Dopamine reduces reproduction time, suggesting that it speeds up the internal clock.

25
Q

what are the Effects of attention

on time

A

When attention is low some «counts» are lost and don’t make it into the accumulator.

26
Q

what are the Effects of emotional arousal

on time

A

Aversive emotions speed up the clock

  • Lights paired with an aversive sound are perceived as longer.

Intervals are perceived as longer after seeing frightening films than neutral films .

27
Q

how was Effects of emotional arousal

on time tested

A

Temporal bisection procedure: Participants first encode a short (ex.:400ms) and long (ex.: 800ms) duration interval. Then, they are shown different intervals (between 400ms and 800ms) and have to decide if they are closer to the short or long targets.

28
Q

does Depression slows down the clock or speed it up

A

Depression slows down the clock

Depressed individuals perceive intervals as shorters

29
Q

give a summary of the Dopamine experiment and time

A

1) you listen to a tone of a certain duration (say 7 s)…..what you encode is an arbitrary number of “time units” generated by your internal clock at its normal pace (say 7 sec equals 70 time units).
2) then you take amphetamines - they make your clock go faster, say twice as fast.
3) you are asked to reproduce the duration, when you do that, you end up accumulating 70 time units in 3.5 seconds - your reproduction therefore last 3.5 seconds (instead of 7 seconds).

30
Q

give a summary of Temporal Bisection experiment:

A

1) you encode a short (say 1 sec = 10 time units) and a long duration (say 10 sec = 100 time units)
2) you are presented with a duration of 4 sec. your clock is at the same speed as during encoding. 4s = 40 time units, you say it is closer to the short
3) you look at a frightening film - this makes your clock go twice as fast
4) you are presented with a duration of 4 sec again, but this time you accumulate 80 time units in 4s, you say it is closer to the long.