Final Lecture 16: March 21 Flashcards
what is Phoneme:
a unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another in a particular language (e.g.: kill vs kiss).
get around confusing differences between sound and spelling, we use what
the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
how is Speech production done
respiration
phonotation
Articulation
how does Respiration work
the diaphragm pushes air out of lungs, through the trachea, up to the larynx
what is Phonation:
The process through which vocal folds are made to vibrate when air pushes out of the lungs.
- at the larynx, the air must pass through two vocal folds (a.k.a. vocal cords)
- more tension will cause more high-pitched sounds - small vocal folds, high-pitched voices
(chidren < women < men) - The spectrum of sound passing through the vocal folds is a harmonic spectrum.
what is Articulation:
The act or manner of producing a speech sound using the vocal tract
where is The vocal tract
is the area above the larynx (oral + nasal tract).
Humans can change the shape of their vocal tract by manipulating what
their jaws, lips, tongue body, tongue tip, and velum (soft palate) – this is what we call “articulation”
Resonance characteristics createdhow
by changing size and shape of vocal tracts to affect sound frequency distribution
changing size and shape of vocal tracts will increase/ decrease what
energy at different frequencies
Peaks in the speech spectrum are calledwhat
formants
Formants are labelledhow
by number, from lowest to
highest (F1, F2, F3).
Formants have higher frequencies for who
people who have shorter vocal tracts. It is the relationship between the formants that counts
Most of the time, the first three formants are sufficient to identify what
the phoneme
The spectrum of speech sounds changes over time.
- Spectrograms help represent what
that third dimension
time
what are the points to Spectrograms
x: time
y: frequency
color: energy (amplitude
Speech production is very fast: 10–15 consonants and vowels per second (can be doubled if you talk fast).
- Experienced talkers position tongue, etc. in anticipation of what
next consonant or vowel, causing coarticulation.
Coarticulation will cause what
overlap in articulatory or speech patterns.
Perception doesn’t reflect the actual mixture of visual input, but is biased towards what
pre- existing categories, i.e. perception is « all-or- none ».
Perception doesn’t reflect the actual mixture of visual input, but is biased towards pre- existing categories, i.e. perception is « all-or- none ». This causes what
This causes pairs of within-category stimuli to be perceived as more similar than they really, and pairs of between-category stimuli to be perceived as more different than they really are.
Four-day-old French babies prefer hearingfrench or russian
French over Russian
Sound distinctions are specific to wha
various languages. For example, ‘r’
and ‘l’ are not distinguished in Japanese
Infants begin filtering out irrelevant acoustics when
long before they start to say speech sounds.
For instance, english-speaking infants <10 months can distinguish between two types of “t” sounds that are different phonemes in Hindi, but loose that ability after 10 months, while Hindi infants still continue to make the distinction
what is the Motor theory” of speech perception
Motor processes used to produce speech sounds are used in reverse to understand the acoustic speech signal
“Motor theory” of speech perception: Motor processes used to produce speech sounds are used in reverse to understand the acoustic speech signal.
- Supported by the McGurk Effect how
McGurk and MacDonald (1976) showed that what someone sees can affect what they hear.
is music universal
yes
what is Tone height:
A sound quality corresponding to the level of pitch. Tone height is monotonically related to frequency
what is Tone chroma
A sound quality shared by tones that have the same octave interval
Each note on the musical scale (A–G) has a different chroma.
– There is more to musical pitch than just frequency!
what is Octave:
The interval between two sound frequencies having a ratio of 2:1.
– Example: Middle C (C4) has a fundamental frequency of 261.6 Hz; notes that are one octave from middle C are 130.8 Hz (C3) and 523.2 Hz (C5).
– C3 (130.8 Hz) sounds more similar to C4 (261.6 Hz) than to E3 (164.8 Hz).
When two or more notes are played simultaneously (referred to as a chord) or sequen3ally, the combina3on may exhibit what
consonance or dissonace
what is consonance
the combina3on sounds pleasant, as if the notes “go together”
what is dissonance—
the combina3on sounds unpleasant or “off.”
Consonance happens when what
happens when the fundamental frequency of the two notes (e.g., C and G) have a simple ra3o (ex. 3:2 or 4:3). In this case many harmonics of the two sounds will coincide, and they will all coincide with a note at a lower frequency (e.g. Q)
Dissonance happens when what
the fundamental frequency of the two notes (e.g., C and G) have a complex ra3o (ex. 42:33). In this case very few harmonics will coincide.
2 months old infants prefer consonance or dissonance
consonance
can music help pain
is it is pleasant it can reduce how much we perceive pain
what is Scale:
A par3cular subset of the notes in an octave
what is Key:
The scale that func3ons as the basis of a musical composi3on for example, a composi3on in the key of C major contains notes mostly from the C major scale
The major and minor scales are differen3ated by what
the paaern of intervals (number of semitones) between successive notes—for the major scales, the paaern is 2–2–1–2–2–2–1, and for the minor scales, it’s 2–1–2–2–1– 2–2.
In general, major scales sound «_____ » and minor scales sound «____ »
happy
sad
The root note of the key (i.e. the tonic) acts as the gravity point of the key. Moving away from and back to the tonic resting point of the key does what
is partly what makes music interes3ng and why it has a pleasing effect on us
