Final Immuno-Allergy

Question 1

the propensity for developing immediate hypersensitivity reactions to common environmental allergens

Answer 1

Atopy

Question 2

major Ig antibody in allergic reactions

Answer 2

IgE

Question 3

antigens with little or no intrinsic toxicity that elicit an immune response

Answer 3

Allergens

Question 4

in allergic reactions today, the main focus has shifted to the role of?

Answer 4

Innate immune mechanisms

Question 5

Allergens are a diverse group of these molecules

Answer 5

proteins and glycoproteins

Question 6

the innate immune system is activated in response to allergens by?

Answer 6

intrinsic enzymatic activity and recognition of PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)

Question 7

Th2 response is important in allergic reactions? T or F?

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Asthma is associated with?

Answer 8

Indoor allergens

Question 9

Allergic Rhinitis is associated with?

Answer 9

outdoor allergens

Question 10

allergens have what kind of enzymatic activity?

Answer 10

protease- important property that has a role in crossing mucosal barriers

Question 11

What are the four factors leading to Atopy in Th2 mediated allergic inflammation?

Answer 11

1. Genetic factors (specific HLA alleles, Polymorphisms)
2. Environmental factors (hygiene, diet, vaccination, antibiotics)
3. Defects in target organs (skin, gut, bronchial epithelium)
4. Triggering agents (pathogens, tobacco, pollutant)

Question 12

presence of older siblings, early exposure to day care, TB, measles, Hep A, and rural environment are all factors that favor this phenotype in Protective immunity

Answer 12

Th1

Question 13

Widespread use of Antibiotics, western lifestyle, urban environment, diet, sensitization to house allergens are factors that favor this type of phenotype in allergic diseases that include Asthma

Answer 13

Th2

Question 14

tendency to allergic reactions has a?

Answer 14

strong heritability (Atopy)

Question 15

Atopy is most easily defined as the presence of____ to an allergen

Answer 15

Type I hypersensitivity

Question 16

Polymorphisms in genes involve?

Answer 16

IL-4 gene, HLA-DR alleles, CD14, and the beta chain of the high affintiy receptor for IgE (FceRIB)

Question 17

CD14 constitutes part of the receptor for ___ and has a role in promote hypersensitivity

Answer 17

bacterial cell wall LPS

Question 18

studies on HLA show that IgE and IgG hypersensitivity to ragweed antigens is associated with?

Answer 18

HLA-DR2

Question 19

in monozygotic identical twins, concordance for Asthma is only 20% suggesting another factor more importantly involved?

Answer 19

Environmental

Question 20

high levels of IgE in cord blood can predict the future development of?

Answer 20

Atopic tendencies during fetal or infant life

Question 21

What is the cause of increasing prevalence of allergies?

Answer 21

excessive hygiene, environmental changes, and life style changes (diet)

Question 22

a shift from Th1 to Th2 type of immunity and decreasing number or activity of T reg cells can best be explained by the?

Answer 22

Hygiene hypothesis

Question 23

the increased incidence of allergy is associated with the decrease in exposure to common infections during early life is best explained by?

Answer 23

Hygiene Hypothesis

Question 24

a Th2 type bias is shown in?

Answer 24

Neonatal immune system

Question 25

development of atopic (Th2 type) phenotype in a child can be prevented by the

Answer 25

Th1 type response

Question 26

infections in childhood causing Th1 type responses from Viruses and intracellular bacteria can be restored by the?

Answer 26

Th1-Th2 balance

Question 27

what can limit the development of unrelated allergen-mediated disease?

Answer 27

increasing the number of T regulatory cells

Question 28

insect venoms, drugs, and foods that cause IgE production on basophils AND mast cells resulting from edema, bronchoconstriction, vascular collapse, and death.

Answer 28

Anaphylaxis

Question 29

Asthma, hay fever, and food allergies are associated with which effectors?

Answer 29

IgE on Mast cells and Th2 cells

Question 30

Major site of maturation for mast cells

Answer 30

Connective tissue

Question 31

major site of maturation for Basophils and Eosinophils

Answer 31

bone marrow

Question 32

Major basic protein in helminthic infections are secreted by?

Answer 32

Eosinophils

Question 33

major development cytokine for Mast cells and Basophils

Answer 33

IL-3

Question 34

Major developmental cytokine for Eosinophil

Answer 34

IL-5

Question 35

Histamine is a granule released during allergic reactions by?

Answer 35

Mast Cells and Basophils

Question 36

Expression of FcRI is low in which cells?

Answer 36

Eosinophils

Question 37

histamine, bradykinin, and leukotrienes are the most important in

Answer 37

allergic inflammation....

Question 38

proteases activate.,......

Answer 38

Par 2....

Question 39

Airway hyper-responsiveness

Answer 39

IL-13

Question 40

indicated for disorders in which IgE hypersensitivity is clearly confirmed

Answer 40

Desensitization tests-skin test and allergen specific IgE detection

Question 41

a shift away from the Th2 to Th1 producing CD4 cells results in the generation of cytokines (IFN-y) which are inhibitory to IgE production.

Answer 41

immune deviation

Question 42

key interleukins in Allergy are

Answer 42

IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13