Final from Hell Flashcards
Canidates in the Election of 1860, and their parties
Abraham Lincoln Republican
John C. Breckinridge Democratic
John Bell Constitutional Union
Stephen A. Douglas Democratic
main issue in the election of 1860
slavery
Lincoln’s stance on slavery
end it
Douglas’s stance on slavery
popular soverinty
Bell’s stance on slavery
compromise; extend Missouri compromise and make slavery illegal in any new state in the north and legal in any new state in the south
Breckinridge’s stance on slavery
keep it
In January, 1861, these states succeded from the Union
(SC,MS,FL, AL,GA,LA, &
TX)
These states went to from the
CSA
President of CSA
Jefferson Davis
When Jefferson Davis became CSA president
May 20, 1861
These 4 staes joined the CSA by May
(VA, AR,TN, & NC)
First battle of the Civil War
Fort Sumter
location of fort sumter
Charleston, South Carolina
Why did Fort Sumter occur
Lincoln dispatched a relief ship with supplies. On Confederate orders, General P.G.T.Beauregard opened fire on Sumter.
Results of Fort Sumter
Union commander, Major Robert Anderson, surrendered the fort thirty-six hours later. The next day Lincoln called for 75,000 militia (for 3 months) to suppress the rebellion and then proclaimed a blockade of rebel ports in the South.
Date of Fort Sumter
April 12, 1861
Northern Strengths
Population - 22 million (over 3 to 1 of white males of military
age, larger army) (South – 9 million, slaves 1/3 of total)
• over 90% of the nation’s manufacturing
• diverse agriculture, which was able to greatly expand (includes
the West)
• capital wealth (3/4 the nation’s wealth) U.S. Mint)
• transportation systems were far more superior (2/3 railroad)
• nearly all civilian shipping and most of the navy (control of the
sea) (access to oversea markets)
• centralized government structure was already in place (Arsenal)
(public property)
Southern Strengths
familiar, vast geographic area • King Cotton, British export • strong military tradition (handling guns and horses) (well trained) • most talented and educated officers (Lee) • Defensive strategy • Did not need victory, only a draw • Five Civilized Tribes
_______ ______ sided with the Confederacy while the ______ _______ sided with America in England
British Government, lower class
Why didn’t any foriegn intervention come from Britian
this was due to a Union blockade. Britain was also against slavery. The Battle of Antietam Britain also had a poor season with crops so they relied on North for food and had stocked up enough cotton.
which made the Union side a moral war
Emancipation Proclomation
Southern weaknesses
Davis was overworked, creating a new government
system
• Foreign intervention never came (Britain)
Not enough people
Not enough factories
the document that freed slaves in the South, by Abraham Lincoln
Em. Pro.
Em. Pro. issued after this battle
battle of Antiem
a stream near
Manassas Junction, VA.
Bull Run
advanced on the South before adequately training his inexperienced troops.
General -in-Chief Winfield Scott
First Battle of Bull Run Date
July 21, 1861
Who won the battle of Bull Run
CSA
Why did the CSA win First Battle of Bull Run
due to arrival of
9,000 additional troops under General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson.
Effects of First Battle of Bull Run
Union troops and civilian spectators retreated. Showed the North and South alike that the war is very real and bloody. Lincoln appointed General George McClellan general-in-chief of the Union army, excelled at organizing troops and stirring enthusiasm.
Date of Battle of Antiem
September 17, 1862
location of Battle of Antiem
Sharpsburg, MD
Proved to be the bloodiest day of the war before Gettysburg (casualties?)
Proved to be the bloodiest day of the war (over 22,500 casualties)
Who won Antiem
Union
How did Antiem win
found Lee’s battle plans in cigars
Effects of Antiem
Lincoln fired McClellan (too cautious) for not taking action on the first day, Lincoln announced emancipation of slaves.
Effects
Halted Lee’s bold invasion of the North Provided Lincoln with the victory he needed to announce the Emancipation Proclamation
Prevented England and France from lending support to the Confederacy
The Proclamation allows African Americans to enlist in the Union army and navy, hope to end discrimination.
The 54th Massachusetts - first African American regiment.
the turning point of the war
The Battle of Gettysburg
date of Gettysburg
July 1-3, 1863
Lee’s intentions with Gettysburg
hoping to take Harrisburg and attack Washington from the north
How did Gettysburg come about
Lee clashed with Gen. George Meade’s Union troops by accident in a battle that lasted three days
Union casualties in Gettysburg
23,000 casualties, more than 1⁄4 of the army
Confederate casualties in Gettysburg
28,000 men killed, wounded or missing, more than 1/3 of Lee’s army
Lincoln issued the Gettysburg address on ______ and for what reason
(11/19/1863), graveyard dedication ceremony
Gettysberg Address stresses
national unity
Head of Union Army, well-respected, fired for being too cautious.
George B. McClellan
3 pronged attack
- East: Attack Richmond
• West: Drive the CSA from the
Mississippi and Tennessee Rive valleys in an attempt to cut the CSA in two.
• South: Anaconda Plan – blockade the coast to cut supply lines with Europe.
• Exhaust Southern resources
Union general turned Confederate for Civil War, well-respected, fought hard, skilled, eventually had to surrender
Robert E. Lee
Why did Robert E. Lee join the Union
He was more of a virginian than American
Day of Appomattox
April 10, 1865
Why did Lee surrender
Lee refused to see his troops suffer any further
Where did Lee surrender
he surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House
What happended to jefferson davis
was captured in GA a month later and imprisoned
When did all Confederate troops surrender by
may, 1865
Date of Battle of Fredricksberg
December 13, 1862
New Union Commander _____ __ ___ _________, Launches an insane frontal attack
General A.E. Burnside
How many northern deaths
10,000 northern soldiers killed
nickname for fredricksburg
Burnside’s Slaughter Pen
effects of Fredricksberg/winner
CSA, Replaced by Joe Hooker,
Date of Chancellorsville
May 2-4, 1863
location of Chancellorsville
Chancellorsville, VA
winner/effects of Chancellorsville
“Fighting Joe” Hooker defeated by Lee’s smaller forces, Stonewall Jackson is killed by his own picket line, Jackson has lost his left arm
impact of Gettysburg address
speech well-received at event but didn’t have too much of an impact then, bigger impact now
Union War Strategy
invade the South, three pronged(anaconda) plan, exaust southern resources, take Richmond
The amendment that made it illegal to own slaves.
13th
laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866 in the United States after the American Civil War with the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans’ freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.
Black Codes
10% plan
Included all southern voters, except high-ranking CSA officials (denied pardons to anyone who killed black prisoners of war. South could get full pardon and restoration of rights if 10% of voters took an oath pleding loyalty to the union and accepting the end of slavary
- were also entitled to vote in elections, create state governments with state constitutions. After that, the state would be able for readmission into congress and the union; Johnson changed it so each state could create a constitution without the 10% agreement. States had to void succession, abolish slavary, and refuse to pay for the debt and had to ratify 13th ammendment. He would only give pardons to CSA leaders who asked.
Congresional republicans
feared the South would have much more control in Congress, since now, former slaves are now counted as a whole person, not just 3/5, giving the South a larger population.
“due process
of law” and applying the Bill of Rights
to state governments, guaranteed
citizenship to freed slaves
14th ammendment
first CSA state to ratify 14th ammendment and be admitted back into the union
TN
Radical Republicans
Did not support the Presidential plans (too lenient) and thought the South should be severely punished for their role in the war. Insisted the main goal of Reconstruction should be a restructuring of society to guarantee black people true equality. Two key players: Charles Sumner led the Republicans radicals in the Senate for black freedom and racial equality. Thaddeus Stevens led the radicals in the House of Representations. Believed the southern states were "conquered provinces" that completely left the Union and were at the mercy of Congress for readmission. Civil Rights Act of 1865 defined citizenship and outlawed discrimination on the basis of race.
year of 14th ammendment
1868
Examples of Black Codes
Curfews: Generally, black people could not gather after sunset. l Vagrancy laws: Freedmen convicted of vagrancy– that is, not working– could be fined, whipped, or sold for a year’s labor. l Labor contracts: Freedmen had to sign agreements in January for a year of work. Those who quit in the middle of a contract often lost all the wages they had earned. l Land restrictions: Freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas. This restriction forced them to live on plantations.
laws enacted by the southern states making “virtual slavary”
Black Codes
postwar welfare agency, set up
by Congress on March 3, 1865, to meet the immediate
needs of refugees and freedmen.
Freedman’s Bureau
Head of Freedmans Bureau
Union General Oliver O. Howard
good things FB did
Confiscated and abandoned lands could be rented and
sold to freedmen.
Ø The Bureau established schools and hospitals and
provided courts to settle legal disputes involving freed
blacks.
Ø Greatest achievement was in education, taught about
200,000 Blacks how to read.
Greastest achevement of FB
education
views of FB
- White Southerner’s thought it a meddlesome federal
agency that threatened to upset white racial dominance - President Johnson believed the agency should be
killed
Wade-Davis bill
Required 50% of the states’ voters to take oaths of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation. Military governors to rule Southern states and South should be treated as conquered territory.
year and month of wade-davis bill
July, 1864
Required the president to secure the consent of the Senate before removing a cabinet member once they had been approved by Senate.
Tenure of Office Act in
1867:
Purpose of Tenure of Office Act was to keep
Sec. of War, _____ _. ______
Edward
M. Stanton
What happened to Santon?
Johnson dismissed him in
1868
The House voted to
impeach Johnson for
“high crimes and
misdemeanors.”
the Senate
voted the president what and by how much
the Senate
voted the president ‘not
guilty” by one vote
Date of vote
May 16, 1868
the
economy of the United States grew at a fantastic rate. With the exception of a recession
during the mid-1870s, and another during the mid-1890s, the economic growth was in
unprecedented in United States history;everything looked good at the top, but were not too good at the bottom
gilded age
laws that legalized the segregation.
Jim Crow
stated
that “separate but equal” facilities for the races were legal.
Plessy v. Ferguson - 163 U.S. 537 (1896)
Election of 1868
Republican nominee Ulysses S. Grant defeated Democrat Horatio Seymour.
an informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election. It resulted in the United States federal government pulling the last troops out of the South, and formally ended the Reconstruction Era.
Compromise of 1877
Created to combat the overuse of the Spoils System and providing favors based on campaign
contributions. Signed into law by Chester Arthur. It established the Civil Service
Commission. Appointees to public offices are required to take a competitive examination to
prove employees are qualified.
Pendleton Act of 1883
had created a cycle: the government had to
buy silver and print paper money to pay for it, the people could then turn in the paper
money for gold, which they did.
Silver Purchase Act of 1890
limited government interference with business
Cleveland’s hand’s off approach
poloitical machines gained power through
gained power through the exchange of
favors:
favors for political machines
- Many people who wanted favors would pay money, graft,
to the machine. - Graft was a major source of income for the machines.
- Residents vote for candidates supported by machines
- Machines maintain power over city governments
- Political machines work to control city politics
- Machines hand out jobs, contracts, and favors to city
residents
political machine was run by powerful _____ who has
influence with city officials
boss
One notorious New York City boss, _______ _____ ______, was brought to justice by the political cartoons
of Thomas Nast.
William Marcy Tweed
William Marcy
Tweed, was brought to justice by the political cartoons
Thomas Nast
His cartoons alerted the people of New York of
the
illegal activities of “Boss” Tweed.
What happened to Tweed and the Machines
arrested and jailed, but the machines
continued.
When a company owns all of
the companies needed to make
an item.
Vertical Integration
vertical intergation examples
For example, Land
that held ore, machines to dig it,
ship and railroads to transport
it and factories to forge it.
Example: Carnegie’s U.S. Steel Corporation used this method to grow his business. Rather than pay a company he owned each step along the way. Goal was to improve efficiency. For example, Land that held ore, machines to dig it, ship and railroads to transport it and factories to forge it.
Example: Carnegie’s U.S. Steel Corporation used this method to grow his business. Rather than pay a company he owned each step along the way. Goal was to improve efficiency.
Allying with competitors to monopolize a given market.
Horizontal integration
Horizontal Integration examples
For
example, Rockefeller used this method to grow his business by
either forcing a competitor out of business or buying them out.
When a corporation eliminates its competition it becomes what
is known as a “monopoly.”
Example: Rockefeller owned Standard Oil Company. He grew so
large he eliminated his competitors.
the railroad finally went from the_____ to _____ coast.
east to west
What could travel easier with the railroad
materials and people
What did railroads help with
migration to the west
Day Railroad was completed
Completed on May 10, 1869
What railroads met in utah
Union Pacific met the Central Pacific in Utah.
Given ______ _____ _____ to finance the cost to
Complete.
federal land grants
Railroads skyrocketed after th
Civil War
Track mileage increased from _____ miles in
1865 to over ______ miles by 1900.
35,000, 192,000
had the effect of physically linking the nation and psychologically
impacted the way people looked at the country.
railroad network
he greatest impact that railroads had was on
buisness and industrialization
How the railroads benefited buisness and industrialization
- Eastern and western markets were now linked.
- Investors could pour money into new markets.
- Travel was eased and the wide open west beckoned settlers as much as ever.
- Farmers were taken out west and ore mined from the soil was shipped back
east. - Cities boomed out west, notably Chicago, and the cities back east were brought
whatever the West had to offer. Ghost Towns were created were the hub of the
railroad was not located. - Fortunes and millionaires were also made by the railroads.
Scottish-American steel industrialist, business magnate, and philanthropist. Carnegie led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and is often identified as one of the richest people.
Andrew Carnegie
an American oil industry business magnate, industrialist, and philanthropist. He is widely considered the wealthiest American of all time, and the richest person in modern history.
John D. Rockefellar
an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation in the United States of America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
J.P. Morgan
an American tobacco and electric power industrialist best known for the introduction of modern cigarette manufacture and marketing, and his involvement with Duke University
James Duke
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
a landmark federal statute in the history of United States antitrust law (or “competition law”) passed by Congress in 1890 under the presidency of Benjamin Harrison. It allowed certain business activities that federal government regulators deem to be competitive, and recommended the federal government to investigate and pursue trusts.
benefits f rise of labor unions
a) there actually
were jobs and (b) that the overall standard-of-living did in fact rise.
negatives of rise of labor unions
- Immigration was increasing which meant wages were cheap. For employers,
replacement of “uppity” or troublesome workers was easy enough with eager
immigrants. - Workers united in unions in hopes of finding strength in numbers. The union’s
main weapon of striking was still not very effective because… - Employers could hire lawyers to wrangle around the issues.
- “Scabs,” or part-time replacement workers could be brought in and union
leaders could be intimidated or beaten down. - Big-business could call on the courts to order strikers back to work.
- Big-business could mandate “ironclad oaths” or “yellow dog contracts”
where workers pledged to not join a union. - Big-business could “black list” troublesome workers meaning no other
employer would hire that person. - Some businesses ran “company towns” where workers were paid “scrip”
(not real money but company money good at the company store). Workers
were also given easy credit meaning they usually got themselves into debt
and never got out.
began in secrecy and then came out in 1881. It welcomed skilled and
unskilled, women and blacks. The only people banned were “non-producers”: liquor
dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers.
The Knights of Labor
The Knights sought
workers’ cooperatives (to pool their money and resources), better working conditions, and
the 8-hour workday.
leader of the knights
Terence V. Powderly
What did the Knights achompish
They got the 8
hour day in several places and pulled off a successful strike against Jay Gould’s
Wabash Railroad (1885)
made up of small, independent unions. They were tied together
by their association with the AF of L.
AF of L
It was started by ______ ________ in 1886.
Samuel Gompers
Gompers desire for workers was summed up simply as \
“more.”
Gompers wanted______ ______ to allow the “closed shop”
(businesses closed to non-union members, or in other words, you must join the
union in order to work there).
“trade agreements”
His main weapons were the ______ and the ______
boycott and strike
labor unions in the 1800’s were largely ineffective
mostly due to
the never-ending stream of immigrants which always assured an eager labor
an article written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich
Gospel of Wealth
DuBois help start the ________ and called for the “talented tenth” of the black community to be given full access and equality.
(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People or NAACP
Provided federal funds for public lands to individual states for “land-grant colleges.” There was a focus was on agricultural research at the universities. It gave birth to 100+ colleges and universities, such as Penn State, University of California, Texas A&M, and Ohio State.
Morill Act of 1862
He was Booker T. Washington’s largest critic, a Harvard intellectual, He criticism was that Washington’s method put blacks in a little box of manual labor only, help start the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) and called for the “talented tenth” of the black community to be given full access and
Equality.
W.E.B. Du Bois
Push and Pull Factors for Immigrants - Europeans
Europeans came to:
a. Escape religious and political persecution, and to find economic opportunities.
b. They settled in cities in the East and the Midwest, most entered through Ellis
Island (established in 1892) in New York Harbor and settled in ethnic
neighborhoods with others from the same country
Push and Pull Factors for Immigrants - Asians came to:
a. find economic opportunities
b. Most settled in Hawaii and California through Angel Island and worked on railroads and farms. They settled in ethnic neighborhoods in cities and faced discrimination from local and federal government.
Push and Pull Factors for Immigrants - Mexican
a. Escape a civil war and to find economic opportunities.
b. Most settled in California, Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. They worked on farms,ranches, mines, and railroads
What did most people think of these immigrants
Most think they would not set into the American way of lifestyle
the idea of “free compulsory education,” paid for by the taxpayers was a reality, but usually only up to grade eight.
Public Education
illiteracy rates fell from on 1870 _____ to _____in 1900.
20%, 10.7%
developed a plan for bettering the lots of blacks. He developed the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. It was a normal school for black teachers and
taught hands-on industrial trades.
Booker T. Washington
(established in 1892) in New York Harbor, where European immigrants came to immigrate
Ellis Island
prohibition - ban of alcohol
18th Ammendment
The policy and practice of forming and maintaining an empire in seeking to control raw materials and world
markets by the conquest of other countries, by the establishment of colonies.
imperialism
What motives does the U.S. deem necessary for expansion beyond our continental boundaries?
Farmers and factory owners began to look for markets beyond American shores as
agricultural and industrial production boomed.
The ______ nations had been gobbling up colonies all during the 1800’s, now America
wanted a slice of the world pie.
The European nations had been gobbling up colonies all during the 1800’s, now America
wanted a slice of the world pie.
What are the factoring affecting expansion?
- Economic:
Growth of economic industries. Manufacturing nations need more natural resources
(rubber and petroleum) and secure economic markets abroad. - Humanitarian:
Desire to spread Christianity and Anglo-Saxon ideals around the world. Social
Darwinism - Military:
Belief that American security needed to be protected by maintaining militarily
strategic lands.
Growing navies need new naval bases worldwide.
D. What do the authors mean by the following causes they ascribe to the new
imperialist stirrings:
Overseas markets: The U.S. would benefit from expansion by providing a safety valve to
relieve the pressures. (To sell it goods)
echniques to sell newspapers using scandal and sensationalism. William
Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. Describes foreign exploits as manly
adventures. The sensationalism in reporting, stirred up the desire to
take over lands. William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer’s
newspapers painted the far-off lands as exotic, adventurous, and
captured young people’s imaginations.
Yellow Press
Missionaries wanted to save souls in un-Christian lands (civilizing and
Christianizing savages). Namely, Rev. Josiah Strong pushed
imperialism in his book Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its
Present Crisis. They looked overseas for new souls to harvest. The
“backwards” peoples.
Missionary impulse
Some people (like Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge) applied Darwin's survival-of-the-fittest theory to nations. It was the order of things for the strong to conquer the weak. The earth belonged to the strong and fit
Darwinism
American planters hoped to annex Hawaii. What was their motivation?
Hawaii had been alluring to Americans since the early 1800’s when shippers, sailors,
whalers, and missionaries went there. The first New England missionaries
reached Hawaii in 1820.
By the later 1800’s, a few things were pertinent to the Hawaii situation…
1. America largely regarded Hawaii as an unofficial part of the U.S. Beginning
in the 1840s, the State Department warned other countries to stay out of
Hawaii. (or, leave Hawaii to the U.S.). In 1887, a treaty with the native government
guaranteed naval-base rights at Pearl Harbor.
2. American fruit and sugar companies were deeply entrenched in Hawaii.
They largely ran the islands due to their economic power.
3. There was growing resistance by the native Hawaiians __toward the U.S. due to
the increased influence by Americans.
The sugar companies grew restless. Concerns were that (a) Japan might try to take over
and (b) the McKinley Tariff of 1890 had raised prices of Hawaiian sugar/fruit imported to
the U.S. to 48%.
As a result, sugar imports from Hawaii became less profitable with the McKinley Tariff of
1890. American planters decided that the best way to overcome the tariff would be to
annex Hawaii
What stood in the way of annexation of Hawaii?
Queen Liliuokalani resisted. She said the native Hawaiians should run Hawaii.
What happened to Hawaii
In 1893, the whites staged a revolt and the U.S. military helped to dethrone the queen.
Notably, this was all done locally in Hawaii, completely unofficially from Washington D.C.
Papers were drawn up to annex Hawaii and sent to Washington.
Grove Cleveland had just become president and he didn’t like the way Hawaii was taken
and stopped the annexation. (The U.S. would get Hawaii 5 years later, in 1898).
A letter from a Spanish minister was printed in _____ _____ Hearst’s Journal; What did it say
Hearst’s Journal; insulted McKinley and Americans
Why did the U.S.S. Maine enter the Cuban waters?
USS Maine entered the Cuban waters to evacuate and protect American Citizens.
Explosion of Maine - Who (how many soldier fatalities), what, when, where
February 15, 1898 the USS Maine blew up (How?) in the Havana Port. (266 sailors
died)
Congress appropriated $50 million for military preparations for war.
American Citizens called for war with Spain.
McKinley was hoping to avoid a war, what pushed him to change his mind?
“Remember the Maine” became a war slogan.
McKinley gave in to public demand. He sent a message to Congress asking for a
Declaration of War.
War declared:
April 11. 1898
Congress appropriated ____ million for military preparations for the war.
$50
a diverse group of volunteer cavalry of western
frontiersmen and Eastern college men. Helped to launch his political career.
Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders
Spanish fleet blocked in Cuba until
July 3, 1898
Santiago surrendered on
July 17, 1898
July 1, 1898 (near Santiago)
San Juan Hill
In 1898, Spanish and American delegates met in Paris to negotiate a treaty, December 10, 1898
Treaty of Paris
. Results of Treaty of Paris:
- Cuba freed from Spain (Cuban Independence)
- Guam: U.S. Territory
- Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the U.S. as payment for war costs (see page 636).
- The Philippines
McKinley’s options with the Phillipeans
i. The U.S. could not give them back to Spain because of years of misrule and
abuse.
ii. The Philippines could not have self-rule because the U.S. feared they may
not be strong enough to fight off the warlords that may try to stage a coup
and fall into anarchy
What did McKinley decide to do with the Phillipeans
annex it
The United States paid Spain ___ million for the islands (phillip)
20
Spain proved difficult during negotiations because
Manila was captured after
the armistice was signed. Spain felt it was not part of the spoils of war.
both argued there were flaws in the U.S.’s decisions.
Pro-Imperialist and anti-imperialists
cited Rudyard Kipling’s “White Man’s Burden” (urging America to keep
the Philippines and civilize them). They believed that Manila could be an economic
stronghold like Hong Kong and instill humanitarian values.
Pro-Imperialists
cited the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution as defense
that Filipinos wanted freedom and denying them that was un-American.
Anti-Imperialists
For these reasons, the United States became a greater
imperialist power.
economic, political, social, cultural, and humanitarian
acquired in the year 1898.
puerto rico
(an amendment added to the Cuban constitution that ensured that
Cuba would remain tied to the United States), June 12, 1901: Included in the Cuban
constitution; Cuba became protectorate (territory in which an imperial power allowed the
local rulers to stay in control while protecting them from rebellion and invasion) of the U.S.
platt ammendment
The U.S. Congress forced the Cubans to
write their own constitutions
The U.S. could:
a. reserve the right to intervene in Cuban affairs in order to defend Cuban
independence.
b. trade freely with Cuba
c. prohibit the Cuban Government from entering into any international treaty
that would compromise Cuban independence or allow foreign powers to use the
island for military purposes.
d. should not assume debts it could not pay
e. must agree to sell or lease territory for coaling and naval stations to the United
States. (Guantanamo Bay)
Why did the U.S. make Cuba a protectorate?
So, that the U.S. may defend Cuba from unwanted foreign powers. It allowed the U.S. to set up
naval bases, therefore giving them a reason to become Cuba’s protectors. The U.S. did not want
to lose their naval base opportunities. Or lose presence/influence in the Caribbean Island area.
When was the platt ammendment demolished and by who
1934, Castro
Impact of the Spanish-American War
- America’s image to the rest of the world?
“A Splendid Little War.” Sec. of State John Hay coined the phrase.
« 379 battle casualties
« Cost only $250 million
« May 1, 1898 – August 12, 1898 when Spain signed an armistice.
« 113 days
It affirmed America’s presence as a world power, likely the world’s strongest. Other
nations, like Russia, Britain and France took note and stepped up their diplomatic
headquarters in Washington, D.C. It made its German rival jealous and its Latin
American neighbors suspicious. - Surge of nationalism! (Think War of 1812)
a. John Philip Sousaà”Stars and Stripes Forever.”
b. Unified the North and the South after the Civil War because they had a common
enemy during the “Spanish-American” War: the Spanish.
Battle of Little Bighorn
June 25, 1876
• One of the most infamous conflicts between whites and
Native Americans.
• A reaction to the entrance of miners into the Black Hills and
to the corrupt behavior of white agents.
• Some 200 U.S. Army soldiers under General George
Armstrong Custer’s command, were surrounded and killed
by between 2,500 and 4,000 Sioux and Cheyenne warriors
under the leadership of Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull.
• These Indians left their reservation in the Dakotas in 1875,
although ordered to return by white officials. The U.S. Army
sought them out to return them.
• This battle marked the greatest and last of the Plains
Indians’ victories.
Battle of Wounded-Knee
December 29, 1890
• The last of a yearlong effort by the U.S.
government to outlaw a Sioux religious revival
known as the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance.
• The Ghost Dance raises fears of Sioux uprising.
• Sitting Bull killed in attempted arrest
• Led by the Seventh Cavalry.
• This massacre resulted in the death of about
200 Sioux Indians.
• This event marked the end of the Great Plains
Indian wars
The Dawes Severalty Act
February 8, 1887
• A federal law which dismantled the Native American
concept of shared land in favor of the principle of
private property.
• Divided reservation land into individual plots – usually
160 acres per family
• The goal was to assimilate Indians into American
society by:
• Dissolving many tribes as legal entities.
• Tried to make rugged individualists of the Indians.
• Wiped out tribal ownership of land.
• Promised Indians U.S. citizenship in twenty-five years.
How did the Dawes Act fail
Native Americans did not want to adopt
American settlers’ way of life.
• A major failure:
– reservation land was poor, too small to be profitable
– many Indians did not want to farm
– some sold their land or were tricked out of it
– helps destroy Indian culture. Without the buffalo, the
Plains Indians’ way of life was destroyed
• 1887-1932: 2/3 of 138 million acres of Indian
land was taken by whites
Provisions before they
could claim ownership with the Homestead Act
Provisions before they could claim ownership: – 160 areas of land = a quarter-mile square – At least 21 years of age or the head of the household – American citizens or immigrants filing for citizenship – Built a house – minimum size (12 feet by 14 feet) Lived in the house for at least six months a year – Had to farm the land for five years in a row
An act in 1862 that encouraged people to settle out west by giving out inexpensive land
Homestead Act
Results of thre Homestead Act
– Created more than 375,000 farms – By 1900, settlers filed 600,000 claims for more than 80 millions areas of land
Drawbacks of the Homestead Act
One problem was the 160 acres was inadequate
for productive farming on the rain-scarce Great
Plains.
• Made the assumption that public land should be
administered in such a way as to promote
frontier settlement.
Challenges of Life on the Great Plains
Life out west was much more difficult than most
people had been told!
– Plains have virtually no trees.
– Scarcity of water and Droughts threatened farm production
– Backbreaking labor
– Bugs that ravaged the fields (Locusts)
– Money troubles: falling crop prices and rising farm debt.
• Settlers had to rely on each other, raising houses and
barns together, sewing quilts and husking corn.
Organized in 1867, in response to farmers’ isolation.
• The original purpose was to simulate self-improvement through
educational and social activities.
• They helped farmers form cooperatives which bought goods in
large quantities at lower prices.
• They pressured government to regulate businesses on which
farmers depended.
The Grange
Pullman’s Strike
Chicago, IL in 1894
• Led by Eugene V. Debs – Head of the
American Railway Union
• Debs organized the workers of the Pullman
Palace Car Company
– The company cut wages by 1/3
– The workers went on strike
– U.S. Attorney General Richard Olney called in
federal troops to break up the strike.
– Debs went to prison for 6 months for not ceasing
the strike.
Last Effects of the Pullman’s Strike
President Grover Cleveland justified
intervention in the Pullman strike of 1894 on
the grounds that the strike was preventing the
transit of the U.S. mail.
• It was the first instance of government use of
a federal court injunction to break up a strike.
• Labor unions, Populists and debtors saw in
the brutal Pullman strike proof of an alliance
between big business, the federal
government and the courts against working
people.
Republican
– Served years in Congress representing Ohio
– Civil War veteran
– Gained a national reputation by sponsoring the
McKinley Tariff Bill
– Supported the Gold Standard
William McKinley
Democrat
From Nebraska
Economic unrest and the repeal of the Sherman
Silver Purchase Act led to his rise as a pro-silver
leader
Supported the farmer’s demand for the unlimited
coinage of silver
Known for his “Cross of Gold” Speech in favor of
silver
William Jennings Bryan
Major issue in the campaign was
the free
and unlimited coinage of silver.
Who won the Election of 1896
William McKinley
effects of the McKinley win
long period of Republican dominance.
– was accompanied by waning voter
participation in elections.
– Mostly agrarian votes.
The Filipinos believed they would be after the “Spanish-American” War.
independent
led to the Philippine War of Independence,
U.S. Impearialism
led an insurrection which began on February 4, 1899.
Emilio Aguinaldo
Outcome of the Philippine War
America stooped below her ideals by:
(a) using the “water cure” of forcing water down throats to force cooperation,
(b) setting up prison camps similar to the ones Butcher Weyler had made in Cuba, and
(c) attacking people who simply wanted freedom.
Fighting was sporadic and guerrilla-style, frustrating the Americans. It lasted well over a
year and killed 4,234 Americans
became he governor of the Philippines.
William H. Taft
Under Taft, America pursued a policy called ____ _____—to kindly bring
the Philippines up to civilization.
“benevolent assimilation”
Ben. Ass. showed it’s fruits
- With millions in American money, the infrastructure (roads, sanitation, etc.)
was greatly improved. Public health improved as well. - Trade between the U.S. and the Philippines began, largely in sugar.
- Schools were built and American teachers were sent over.
On July 4, 1946,
the Phillipeans recieved independence
In 1899, Secretary of State John Hay created the
Open Door Policy
This doctrine allowed the U.S. to have equal access to China’s millions of consumers.
Open Door Policy
In response to foreign actions in China, a group of Chinese nationalists called
the Fists of Righteous
Harmony,” also called Boxer
China took
matters into their own hands with the Boxer Rebellion. In this, the Chinese
rose up to oust/kill
foreigners who controlled their cities. 200 foreigners and thousands of Chinese Christians were
killed.
responded together and smashed China, then charged China
for damages.
Europe and U.S.
America’s cut would be $24.5 million. Feeling guilty about such
a high amount, the U.S. used $18 million to
educate Chinese students in American Universities
A canal constructed across the Central American isthmus would strengthen the U.S. military; the U.S.
could offer more effective bicoastal protection and better defend its new colonies in the Pacific and
Caribbean. Allowed ships to quickly cross from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean (shortened
the trip from New York to San Francisco by 8,000 miles) and allowed for global shipping to be
faster and cheaper.
Panama Canal
Because of our friendly relations with Britain, in 1901, the British signed this Treaty which gave the U.S. the power to build and protect a canal.
Hay-Pauncefote
controlled Panama prior to its independence. In 1902, the Colombian senate rejected the
U.S.’s offer for permission to build a canal in Panama.
Columbia
supported Panama during their revolution and in 1903 the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was
signed (It leased the canal to the U.S. for $10 million and $250,000/year). U.S. could build the canal
and control the 10-mile-wide Canal Zone. (The U.S. controlled the canal and Canal Zone until
December 31, 1999.)
The U.S.
that had begun construction on a canal was happy to receive $400 million
dollars from the U.S.
The French Company
Canal construction began in ____ and ended in ____.
1904-1914
Problems during construction:
- Sanitation. Tropical diseases forbade workers from even getting to the job site. Over
5,600 workers died. (Col. William C. Gorgas drained the swamps and eradicated the
mosquitoes and diseases). - The scope of the task. It was likely the largest modern engineering undertaking to
date. (West Point engineer Col. George Washington Goethals headed up construction to
its fruition—a modern marvel when completed in 1914. It’d cost $400 million to
construct).
Official opening day: date: this ship crossed in 9 hours and 40 minutes.
August 15, 1914, U.S.S. Ancon
An extension of the 1823 Monroe Doctrine. The U.S. would
intervene in Latin America and collect debts for Europe. The U.S. would take over the customs
houses and collect taxes and/or use the U.S. Navy to seal off Latin American ports for tax
collection purposes. “Prevention Intervention”, 1904
Roosevelt Corollary
TR’s foreign policy diplomacy. It was a non-aggression policy, that the
U.S. would engage in diplomacy (negotiate first) but, if necessary, you have to back it up with
force (the U.S. Navy).
Big Stick Diplomatcy
Roosevelt’s catchphrase
speak softy and carry a big stick (or dick becuase America would fuck over the country it would invade)
Effects of Imperialism
Latin America’s response to U.S. interventionism: Created an Anti-American feeling. Latin
America did not appreciate the intervention, they viewed as Uncle Sam being overbearing. It left a
legacy of ill will and distrust of the U.S., respect from European countries and jealousy from Germany
War began in 1904 and ended in 1905.
Russo-Jap
Causes of the war:
Russia’s main motivation: Manchuria, in particular Port Arthur.
2. Japan’s main motivation: Manchuria and Korea.
What did this war prove
The Japanese military appeared to be superior and it was the first time, since the 16th century, that a
non-European nation won against a European nation.
headed the peace negotiation between the two nations. In 1906 he
won a Nobel Peace Prize for his peacemaking work.
Roosevelt
was signed September, 1905. It affirmed the Japanese
presence in south Manchuria and Korea and ceded the southern half of the island of Sakhalin to
Japan.
Treaty of Portsmouth
they lost territory and perhaps some pride. The U.S.’s relationship was
tarnished;
Russia
Russia blamed the .. for the loss and .. lost respect for Russia after the massacres
of ___.
U.S., Jews
they were disappointed with the treaty as well
Japan
emerged as a powerful
militarized and industrialized nation during the early 20th century. They were even an ally of the U.S.
during WWI.)
Japan
a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States that spanned from the 1890s to the 1920s. The main objectives of the Progressive movement were eliminating problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and corruption in government.
progressive movement
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
17th Ammendment
the use of a country’s financial power to extend its international influence, Taft used this
Dolar Diplomatcy
exposed political corruption and social ills of the time.
Muckrakers
