Chapter 27-28 Flashcards
What pressures are the authors referring to in the beginning of the chapter?
The country is bursting with a new sense of power generated by a strong growth in
population. Wealth and productive capacity. Labor violence. Agrarian unrest increased.
What motives does the U.S. deem necessary for expansion beyond our continental boundaries?
Farmers and factory owners began to look for markets beyond American shores as
agricultural and industrial production boomed.
The European nations had been gobbling up colonies all during the 1800’s, now America
wanted a slice of the world pie. (Show map: Imperialism)
What are the factoring affecting expansion?
Economic, Humanitarian, and Military
Economic
Growth of economic industries. Manufacturing nations need more natural resources
(rubber and petroleum) and secure economic markets abroad.
Humanitarian
Desire to spread Christianity and Anglo-Saxon ideals around the world. Social
Darwinism
Military
Belief that American security needed to be protected by maintaining militarily
strategic lands.
Growing navies need new naval bases worldwide.
Yellow Press
Techniques to sell newspapers using scandal and sensationalism. William
Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. Describes foreign exploits as manly
adventures. The sensationalism in reporting, stirred up the desire to
take over lands. William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer’s
newspapers painted the far-off lands as exotic, adventurous, and
captured young people’s imaginations.
Missionary impulse
Missionaries wanted to save souls in un-Christian lands (civilizing and
Christianizing savages). Namely, Rev. Josiah Strong pushed
imperialism in his book Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its
Present Crisis. They looked overseas for new souls to harvest. The
“backwards” peoples.
Darwinism
Some people (like Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge) applied Darwin's survival-of-the-fittest theory to nations. It was the order of things for the strong to conquer the weak. The earth belonged to the strong and fit
New Steel Navy
Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote a book titled The Influence of Sea
Power Upon History, 1660-1783. It said that the key to a nation’s power is
through naval power. Thus, to become a world power, the U.S. needed to
build up her navy. This book helped start a naval race among the great
powers and moved the U.S. to naval supremacy. It motivated the U.S. to look
to expanding overseas.
A. American planters hoped to annex Hawaii. What was their motivation?
Hawaii had been alluring to Americans since the early 1800’s when shippers, sailors,
whalers, and missionaries went there. The first New England missionaries
reached Hawaii in 1820.
The sugar companies grew restless. Concerns were that (a) Japan might try to take over
and (b) the McKinley Tariff of 1890 had raised prices of Hawaiian sugar/fruit imported to
the U.S. to 48%.
As a result, sugar imports from Hawaii became less profitable with the McKinley Tariff of
1890. American planters decided that the best way to overcome the tariff would be to
annex Hawaii
By the later 1800’s, a few things were pertinent to the Hawaii situation…
- America largely regarded Hawaii as an unofficial part of the U.S. Beginning
in the 1840s, the State Department warned other countries to stay out of
Hawaii. (or, leave Hawaii to the U.S.). In 1887, a treaty with the native government
guaranteed naval-base rights at Pearl Harbor. - American fruit and sugar companies were deeply entrenched in Hawaii.
They largely ran the islands due to their economic power. - There was growing resistance by the native Hawaiians __toward the U.S. due to
the increased influence by Americans.
What stood in the way of annexation?
Queen Liliuokalani resisted. She said the native Hawaiians should run Hawaii.
In 1893, the whites staged a revolt and the U.S. military helped to dethrone the queen.
Notably, this was all done locally in Hawaii, completely unofficially from Washington D.C.
Papers were drawn up to annex Hawaii and sent to Washington.
Grover Cleveland had just become president and he didn’t like the way Hawaii was taken
and stopped the annexation. (The U.S. would get Hawaii 5 years later, in 1898).
Prior to the war, Cuba was a colony of
Spain
Cuba fought for independence in
1868 and 1895
Sugar production in Cuba became less profitable after the _____.
Tariff of 1894
They began a
campaign to destroy ______ ______ and hoped for U.S. intervention.
Spanish Cuba
]nationalist who was exiled to NY (died before independence achieved)
Jose Marti—nationalist
Spanish general who put Cubans into concentration camps
General Valeriano Weyler-
News that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates
events in order to attract readers
Yellow Journalism
(San Francisco Examiner & New York Journal) (Yellow Journalism)
William Randolph Hearst
(St. Louis Post-Dispatch & New York World) (Yellow Journalism)
Joseph Pulitzer
A letter from a Spanish minister was printed in ______ Journal;
Hearst’s
the letter insulted
McKinley and
angered Americans
Why did the U.S.S. Maine enter the Cuban waters?
USS Maine entered the Cuban waters to evacuate and protect American Citizens.
U.S. ship exploded in Havana Harbor. When and how many soldiers died
(February 15, 1898, 266 Sailors died).
McKinley was hoping to avoid a war, what pushed him to change his mind?
“Remember the Maine” became a war slogan.
McKinley gave in to public demand. He sent a message to Congress asking for a
Declaration of War.
War declared:
April 11, 1898
Congress appropriated ____ million for military preparations for the war.
$50 million
a diverse group of volunteer cavalry of western
frontiersmen and Eastern college men. Helped to launch his political career.
Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders,
Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders
– San Juan Hill, July 1, 1898 (near Santiago)
Spanish fleet blocked in Cuba until
July 3, 1898
Santiago surrendered on
July 17, 1898
In 1898, Spanish and American delegates met in Paris to negotiate a treaty.
Treaty of Paris, December 10, 1898
Results:
- Cuba freed from Spain (Cuban Independence)
- Guam: U.S. Territory
- Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the U.S. as payment for war costs (see page 636).
- The Philippines
The U.S. could not give them back to Spain because
of years of misrule and
abuse.
The Philippines could not have self-rule because
the U.S. feared they may
not be strong enough to fight off the warlords that may try to stage a coup
and fall into anarchy.
McKinley’s decision:
annexation
The United States paid Spain ______ to get the Phillipeans
$20 million
Spain proved difficult during negotiations because
Manila was captured after
the armistice was signed. Spain felt it was not part of the spoils of war.
both argued there were flaws in the U.S.’s decisions.
Pro-Imperialist and anti-imperialists
Pro-Imperialist cited Rudyard Kipling’s _________. They believed that Manila could be an economic
stronghold like Hong Kong and instill humanitarian values.
White Man’s Burden” (urging America to keep
the Philippines and civilize them)
Anti-Imperialist cited the ________ as defense
that Filipinos wanted freedom and denying them that was un-American.
Declaration of Independence and the Constitution
For these reasons, the United States became a greater
imperialist power.
For economic, political, social, cultural, and humanitarian reasons,
Puerto Rico, acquired in the year
1898
(year) 1900: Established a limited popular government.
1.Foraker Act,
2.Citizenship granted in the year 1917 by the
Jones act
elected govener of Puerto Rico
Luis Munoz Marin
Teller ammendment
1898: the U.S. agreed that it could not annex Cuba, but instead Cuba
would have self-determination (be governed by its own people).
B. Cuba, freed from Spanish colonialism in the year
1898
platt ammendment
(an amendment added to the Cuban constitution that ensured that
Cuba would remain tied to the United States), June 12, 1901: Included in the Cuban
constitution; Cuba became protectorate (territory in which an imperial power allowed the
local rulers to stay in control while protecting them from rebellion and invasion) of the U.S.
The U.S. Congress forced the Cubans to write their own
constitution
The U.S. could
a. reserve the right to intervene in Cuban affairs in order to defend Cuban
independence.
b. trade freely with Cuba
c. prohibit the Cuban Government from entering into any international treaty
that would compromise Cuban independence or allow foreign powers to use the
island for military purposes.
d. should not assume debts it could not pay
e. must agree to sell or lease territory for coaling and naval stations to the United
States. (Guantanamo Bay)
Why did the U.S. make Cuba a protectorate?
So, that the U.S. may defend Cuba from unwanted foreign powers. It allowed the U.S. to set up
naval bases, therefore giving them a reason to become Cuba’s protectors. The U.S. did not want
to lose their naval base opportunities. Or lose presence/influence in the Caribbean Island area.
The Platt Amendment was abolished . (Castro)
in 1934
Spanish American war
379 battle casualties
« Cost only $250 million
« May 1, 1898 – August 12, 1898 when Spain signed an armistice.
« 113 days
Impact of the Spanish-American War
It affirmed America’s presence as a world power, likely the world’s strongest. Other
nations, like Russia, Britain and France took note and stepped up their diplomatic
headquarters in Washington, D.C. It made its German rival jealous and its Latin
American neighbors suspicious.
Sec. of State John Hay coined the phrase.
“A Splendid Little War.”
“Stars and Stripes Forever.”
a. John Philip Sousaà”Stars
Unified the _____ and the _____ after the Civil War because they had a common
enemy during the “Spanish-American” War: the Spanish.
North and the South
The Philippines, acquired by the U.S. in the year
1898
The Filipinos believed they would be ________ after the “Spanish-American” War.
independent
led to the Philippine War of Independence, 1899-1902.
U.S. imperialism
led an insurrection which began on February 4, 1899.
Emilio Aguinaldo
Outcome of Philippine War of Independence
America stooped below her ideals by:
(a) using the “water cure” of forcing water down throats to force cooperation,
(b) setting up prison camps similar to the ones Butcher Weyler had made in Cuba, and
(c) attacking people who simply wanted freedom.
Fighting was sporadic and guerrilla-style, frustrating the Americans. It lasted well over a
year and killed 4,234 Americans
In 1901, ______ __ ______became he governor of the Philippines.
William H. Taft
Under Taft, America pursued a policy called ______ ______—to kindly bring
the Philippines up to civilization.
“benevolent assimilation”
The process was slow but it bore fruits…
- With millions in American money, the infrastructure (roads, sanitation, etc.)
was greatly improved. Public health improved as well. - Trade between the U.S. and the Philippines began, largely in sugar.
- Schools were built and American teachers were sent over.
the Philippines received independence on this date
July 4, 1946
Sino-Japanese War
(China vs. Japan) 1894-1895
After this war, European Powers moved into China and established
Spheres of Influence,
Spheres of Influence,
European nations that controlled a coastal city and its surrounding area. The European
nation held exclusive trade rights for that city and area (for example, Britain’s control of Hong
Kong).
created the Open Door Policy.
John Hay
This doctrine allowed the U.S. to
have equal access to China’s millions of consumers.
led a failed uprising against the European powers in 1900. China
“the Fists of Righteous
Harmony,” also called Boxers
China took
matters into their own hands with the Boxer Rebellion.
In this, the Chinese rose up to oust/kill
foreigners who controlled their cities. 200 foreigners and thousands of Chinese Christians were
killed.
China’s consequence
- Europe and the U.S. responded together and smashed China, then charged China
for damages. - Sec. of State Hay sent the Open Door Policy along again and this time it was
accepted. China’s borders were to be respected and its cities open to trade to all.
China was punished for this revolutionary activity and forced to pay large sums of money (___ ____ ____) to the foreign nations.
$333
million total
America’s cut would be _____ . Feeling guilty about such
a high amount, the U.S. used ___ million to educate Chinese students in American universities.
$24.5 million, $18 million
