Chapter 22 Flashcards
Aftermath of the civil war
More Americans: were killed in the Civil
War than in all other American wars
combined, from the colonial period through
the later phase of the Vietnam War (1959-
1975).
Society in the South after Civil War
Pre-war social hierarchy (wealthy plantation owner experienced a temporary loss of power) was shaken.
Over 250,000
Confederate soldiers
lay dead (ages 18-
35)
Physical destruction of the South
Widespread in the South where most of the fighting took place (Sherman's march to the sea). Ø Railroads and industries were in shambles. Ø More than 1/2 of all farm machinery was destroyed.
Economic Impact of the Civil War
40% of all livestock had been killed Ø Confederate money and bonds were worthless (they raised money for the war by printing national and state bonds and currency) Ø The market for cash crops (cotton, sugar, & tobacco) had shriveled. Ø Emancipation had freed the South's slave labor supply.
Questions that faced the nation after the civil war
How would the South, physically devastated by war
and socially revolutionized by emancipation, be
rebuilt?
Ø How would the liberated blacks fare as free men
and women?
Ø How would the southern states be reintegrated into
the Union?
Ø Who would direct the process of Reconstruction-–
the Southern states themselves, the president or
Congress?
What was Lincoln’s goal after the civil war - PR
to restore the Union with as little malice as possible, he promised rapid readmission of Southern states into the Union. He believed that the South had never legally withdrawn from the Union, so restoration was to be relatively simple. He did not want to punish the South.
What was the 10% plan - PR
Included all southern voters, except high-ranking Confederate officials. (Denied pardons to officers and anyone who had killed African American war prisoners). They could get a full pardon and restoration of rights (after 10% of voters) taking an oath, pledging loyalty to the Union and accepting the end of slavery.
Another part of the 10% plan - PR
They were also entitled to vote in elections, create state governments with state Constitutions. After that the state would be eligible for representation in Congress and readmitted into the Union.
What did Johnson do to the 10% plan - PR
Each state could create a new
constitution without Lincoln’s 10%
allegiance requirement.
How did states do Johnson’s tweak?
States had to void secession, abolish slavery and the U.S. would repudiate (refuse to pay) the confederate debt. Officially denied pardons to all Confederate leaders (disenfranchised- deprived of the right to vote), however Johnson often issued pardons to those who asked him personally. States had to ratify the 13th Amendment.
What is the Wade-Davis Bill - CR
Required 50% of the states’ voters to take oaths of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation. Military governors to rule Southern states and South should be treated as conquered territory.
When did Johnson add his tweak - PR
May 29, 1865
Why did congress sign the wade davis bill - CR
Congress passed the bill due to
Republican fear that such a lenient
plan would allow Southerners to re-
enslave the newly freed Blacks
What did Lincoln do to the Wade-Davis Bill - CR
The bill was pocket-vetoed (refused to sign, the Congress session expired so the bill died) by Lincoln which showed the deep differences between President Lincoln and the Democrats.
13th Amendment - CR
abolished slavery Under Johnson’s plan for
Reconstruction
When was the 13th ammendment enacted - CR
December, 1865
14th Ammendment - CR
“due process
of law” and applying the Bill of Rights
to state governments, guaranteed
citizenship to freed slaves
When was the 14th Ammendment ratified - CR
1868
was the first ex-Confederate state
to ratify this amendment and be
readmitted to the Union
Tennesse
15th Ammendment - CR
voting rights
to blacks over the age of 21
Why did Republicans fear the South would have more control in congress
since now, former slaves are now
counted as a whole person, not just
3/5, giving the South a larger
population.
Reconstruction Act - MR
Divided the South into 5 Military
Zones(map) each commanded by a
Union general and policed by Union
soldiers.
Another part of the Reconstruction Act - MR
It also required that states wishing to be readmitted into the Union had to ratify the 14th Amendment and that states' constitutions had to allow former adult male slaves to vote.
WHen was the reconstruction act enacted - MR
(March 2, 1867)
When was the 15th ammendment enacted - CR
1870
Radical Resconstruction viewpoints
Did not support the Presidential plans
(too lenient) and thought the South
should be severely punished for their
role in the war.
What did the Radicals insist the main goal of reconstruction be?
Insisted the main goal of
Reconstruction should be a
restructuring of society to guarantee
black people true equality.
led the Republicans
radicals in the Senate for black
freedom and racial equality. - RR
Charles Sumner
led the radicals in the House of Representations. Believed the southern states were "conquered provinces" that completely left the Union and were at the mercy of Congress for readmission. - RR
Thaddeus Stevens
Civil Rights Act of 1865 - RR
defined
citizenship and outlawed discrimination
on the basis of race.
Union League - RR
Blacks began to organize politically.
What did the Union League become -RR
The League became a network of
political clubs that educated members
in their civic duties and campaigned for
Republican candidates.
Things the union league did
Built churches and schools, represented Black grievances before local employers and governments and recruited militias to protect black communities from white retaliation.
(derogatory
term applied to Northerners who went
South after the Civil War, often for
economic or political reasons),
Northern carpetbaggers
(whites who
cooperated with post-Civil War
Republican Reconstruction).
Southern scalawags
When was the Freedman’s Bureau set up
March 3 1865
Freedman’s Bureau
postwar welfare agency, set up
by Congress on March 3, 1865, to meet the immediate
needs of refugees and freedmen.
Who was the head of the Freedmans Beaurau
Union General Oliver O. Howard
What type of lands could be sold and rented to the frredman
Confiscated and abandoned lands could be rented and
sold to freedmen.
what did the Bureau set up
established schools and hospitals and
provided courts to settle legal disputes involving freed
blacks.
What was the Bureaus greatest achievement
Greatest achievement was in education,
How many Blacks did the Bureau teach to read
200,000
How did white southerners view the buerau
thought it a meddlesome federal
agency that threatened to upset white racial dominance
How did Johnson view the Bureau
believed the agency should be
killed
As southern states were restored to
the Union, they began to enact
black codes
Black codes
laws that restricted
freedmen’s rights.
established virtual slavery with
provisions such as these:
Curfews, Vagrency Laws, labor contracts, and land restrictions
Curfews
Generally, black people
could not gather after sunset.
Vagrency Laws
Freedmen
convicted of vagrancy– that is, not
working– could be fined, whipped,
or sold for a year’s labor.
Labor contracts
Freedmen had to sign agreements in January for a year of work. Those who quit in the middle of a contract often lost all the wages they had earned.
Land Restrictions
Freed people
could rent land or homes only in
rural areas. This restriction forced
them to live on plantations.
Sharecropping and the cycle of debt
1. Poor whites and freedmen have no jobs, no homes, and no money to buy land. 2. Poor whites and freedmen sign contracts to work a landlord’s acreage in exchange for a part of the crop. 3. Landlord keeps track of the money that sharecroppers owe him for housing and food. 4. At harvest time, the sharecropper owes more to the landlord than his share of the crop is worth. 5. Sharecropper cannot leave the farm as long as he is in debt to the landlord.
Sharecropping
Did not own the land they farmed. Ø Paid to rent the land and chose which crops to plant and how much to work. Ø Created a class of wealthy merchants who sold supplies on credit. Ø Sharecropping and tenant farming encouraged planters to grow cash crops, such as cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane. The South had to import much of its food.
kkk
The Klan sought to eliminate the Republican Party in the South by intimidating voters. Ø They wanted to keep African Americans as submissive laborers.
What did the kkk do to their vitums
They planted burning crosses
on the lawns of their victims
and tortured, kidnapped, or
murdered them.
who were the kkk’ victums
Prosperous African Americans,
carpetbaggers, and scalawags
became their victims.
When did Congress pass anti-KKK laws
1870 and 1871
The Enforcement Act of 1870
banned the use of terror, force,
or bribery to prevent people
from voting.
What did other anti-KKK laws do
Other laws banned the KKK
and used the military to protect
voters and voting places.
What happended when federal troops withdrawed from the south
black suffrage
all but ended.
Who was the Secretary of War under Johnson
Edward M. Shanton
Tenture of Office Act 1867
Required the president to secure the consent of the Senate before removing a cabinet member once they had been approved by Senate.
Purpose of Tenture of Office Act 1867
l Purpose was to keep
Sec. of War, Edward
M. Stanton
What and when did Johnson do to Shanton
dissmissed him, 1868
Why was Johnson under an impeachment trial
“high crimes and
misdemeanors.”
What happened to Johnson
‘not
guilty” by one vote
When did the Senate vote on Johnson
May 16, 1868
Succ of Reconstruction
Union is Restored
Ø The South’s economy grows and new wealth is created
in the North.
Ø Freedman’s Bureau and other organizations help many
black families obtain housing, jobs, and schooling.
Ø Southern states adopt a system of mandatory education.
Ø 14th and 15th amendments guarantee African Americans
the rights;
l Citizenship
l Equal protection under the law (due process)
l suffrage
Fail of Reconstruction
Many white southerners remain bitter toward the
federal government and the Republican Party.
Ø The South is slow to industrialize.
Ø After federal troops are withdrawn, southern
state governments and terrorist organizations
effectively dent African Americans the right to
vote.
Ø Many black and white southerners remain
caught in a cycle of poverty.
Ø Racist attitudes toward African Americans
continue, in both the South and the North.
