FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL Flashcards
contains nucleic acids, proteins, carbs, and lipids composed of cells grow and reproduce use energy and raw materials respond to environment maintain homeostasis have adaptive traits
7 characteristics of life
smallest unit of life
cells
relatively constant and self correcting internal environment
homeostasis
list the four kingdoms within the domain eukarya
protists fungi plants animals
method for gathering information and acquiring knowledge
scientific method
classifications of humans
domain- eukarya kingdom- animals phylum- chordates class- mammals order- primates family- hominids genus- homo species- homo sapiens
steps in the scientific method
observe and ask a question form hypothesis test experiment and collect new data draw conclusions repeat as needed possibly form theory
goes through all the steps of the experiment but lacks factor being tested
control
factor being tested
experimental/ independent
change/effect that occurs because of experimental variable
responding/dependent
6 most common elements found in the body
O, C, H, N, Ca, P
smallest unit of an element
atom
contains protons and neutrons
nucleus
+
protons
0
neutrons
- ; move around the nucleus
electrons
2 or more atoms bond to each other
molecule
a molecule with atom of at least two different elements bonding
compound
atoms share electrons to complete outer shell
covalent bond
atom or group of atoms that carries either a + or - electrical charge
ionic bonds
very weak bond/ easily broken
hydrogen bond
result from the transfer of electrons between atoms
ionic bond formation
pH 7.0
neutral
pH
acid
pH> 7.0
base
pH of blood
7.4
4 groups of polymers/macromolecules found in living things
carbs lipids protein nucleic acid
3 best know monosaccrides
glucose, frutose, galactose
permanent disruption of protein structure/shape - loss of function
denaturation
what causes denaturation
caused by high temps or changes in pH
what is the function of enzymes
speeds up chemical reaction
how are most enzymes named
“ase” and named for their subtrate
genetic info in cells- in chromosomes
DNA
converts the genetic info in DNA into proteins
RNA
3 phosphate groups
ATP
TWISTED DOUBLE STRAND
DNA
single strand
RNA
adenine, ribose, (adenosine)
ATP
deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
ribonucleic acid
RNA
adenosine triphosphate
ATP
cell- simpler and smaller; primary bacteria
prokaryotic
cells of all other organisms, including animals
eukaryotic
e.coli
prokaryotic
plants, animals
eukaryotic
2 major components of the plasma membrane
phospholipid and proteins
thin outer covering of cell
plasma membrane
regulates movement of substances into and out of cell
selectively permeable
random movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
simple diffusion
type of diffusion in which H2O moves across a membrane from a region of high H2O concentration to a region of lower H2O concentration
osmosis
movement of substances across membrane from a lower conc to a higher conc with the aid of a carrier protein
active transport
movement of a substance from a region of higher conc to a region of lower conc to a region of lower conc with the aid of a membrane protein
facilitated diffusion
movement when large substances leave cell
exocytosis
movement when cell engulfs substance
endocytosis
cell eating
phagocytosis
cell drinking
endocytosis
is a passive movement
facilitated transport
is an active movement
active transport
H2O moves out of cell
hypertonic
H2O moves into and out of cell equally
isotonic
H2O moves into cells
hypotonic
jellylike solution inside cell
cytoplasm
contains genetic info (DNA) that is passed from generation to generation
nucleus
separates nucleus from cytoplasm
nuclear envelope
openings in the nuclear envelope
nuclear pore
protein synthesis- where amino acids are assembled into proteins
ribosomes
system of interconnecting membrane channels
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
set of interconnected, flattened membranous sacs
golgi complex
membrane bound vesicles
lysosome
energy needs of cell
mitochondria
complex network of fibers within cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
short and numerous- sweeps stuff
cillia
long- usually just one; move cell
flagella
how many chromosomes do have cells have
46 chromosomes - 23 pairs
the “powerhouse” of the cell
mitochondria
cellular energy is in what form
food?
series of many chemical reactions where O2 is required ; aerobic respiration
cellular respiration
the breakdown of glucose without o2
fermentation
4 phases of cellular respiration
glycolysis
transition reaction
citric acid cycle
electron transport chain
is cellular respiration or fermentation more energy efficient
cellular respiration
what happens to the co2 produce during cell respiration
diffused out of cells into blood and taken to lungs to be exhaled
when does fermentation occur
process stops at end of glycolysis
list the list of how life is organized from cell to organ systems
cells-tissues-organs-organ system
cover body surfaces, lines body cavities and organs, and forms glands
epithelial tissue
provides body and its organs with protection and support
connective tissue
responsible for body movement and movement of substances through the body
muscle tissue
conducts nerve impulses from one part of the body to another
nervous tissue
attached to bone
skeletal
only found in heart
cardiac
in walls of hollow organs
smooth
muscle tissues that are involuntary
cardiac smooth
muscle tissue that is voluntary
skeletal
makes up brain, spinal cords, and nerves
nervous tissue
consists of skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands
integumentary system
two systems that maintain homeostasis in the body
nervous and endocrine system
what happens if homeostasis fails
illness or death
support movement protection storage of minerals storage of fat blood cell formation
functions of bones
examples of bones used for protection
skull, sternum, ribs
what minerals are stored in bones
calcium and phosphorus
where are blood cells formed
in red bone marrow
why is bone a living tissue
it has many cells -osteocytes
how many bones do we have in our body
206
places where bones meet
joints
movement posture support internal organs move blood and lymph generates heart
functions of skeletal muscle
integrates and coorindates all the bodys varied activities
nervous sytem
conduct info toward brain and spinal cord
sensory neurons
carry info away from brain and spinal cord to an effector
motor neurons
found only within brain and spinal cord
interneurons
2 possible effectors of motor neurons
muscles or glands
has normal organelles, nucleus, etc
cell body
single long extension that carries messages away from cell body to either another cell or to an effector
axon
many short, branching projections
dendrites
chemicals that cause an impulse to move from cell to cell
neurotransmitter
junction between a neuron and another cell
synapse
2 major divisions of the nervous system and list the organs within each
central nervous- brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous- nerves
2 major functional divisions of the PNS and provide functions
somatic NS- directs voluntary movement
autonomic NS- regulates involuntary bodily activites
2 divisions of the autonomic NS
sympathetic and parasympathetic
serve as the bodys central command center, coordinating and regulating the bodys other systems
brain
higher level thinking, interpreting sensations, language, decision making, creativity, memory
cerebrum
relays information to appropriate higher brain centers
thalamus
connects nervous and endocrine system; controls heart rate, BP, breathing rate, body temp, food intake, center for emotions
hypothalamus
coordinate voluntary movement with input from joints, muscles, eyes, and inner ears
cerebellum
autonomic centers for breathing, heart rate and digestive activities
brain stem
helps produce emotions and memory
limbic system
3 components of the brain stem
medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
conduct messages between brain and body; serve as reflex center
spinal cord
touch, pressure, vibration, temp
general senses
tough white of the eye; protection and attachment to eye muscles
sclera
transparent front of eye; window of eye
cornea
contains blood vessels to supply chemicals and O2 to tissues of the eye
choroid
colored portion of the eye; regulates amount of light entering eye
iris
send signal to brain via optic nerve
retina
transparent, elastic, roundish structure behind iris and pupil
lens
for vision in dim light and black and white vision
rods
for color vision
cones
the receiver
outer ear
the amplifier
middle ear
the transmitter
inner ear
gathers sound and channels it into the
pinna
eardrum
tympanic membrane
3 bones in the ear
malleus, incus, stapes
balance and equilibrium
vestibular apparatus
why are middle ear infections more common in kids
straighter and shorter auditory tube
where are olfactory receptors
in roof of nasal cavity
cells are stimulated by odor molecules and message is sent to limbic system and cerebrum
olfactory receptors
5 primary tastes
sweet salty sour bitter umami
where are hormones made
endocrine glands
regulate and coordinate other body systems and thus maintain homeostasis
endocrine system
endocrine function is the same as what other system in the body
nervous system
functions: transportation, protection, regulation
blood
what is the main component of plasma
h2o
where are the formed elements of blood made
in red bone marrow by stem cells
blood clotting
platelets
many squeeze out of blood vessels to site of infection, tissue damage or inflammation
wbc
pick up o2 in lungs and carry it to body cells
rbc
most numerous type of blood cell in our body
rbc
2 major components of the cardiovascular system
heart and blood vessels
bodys transportation network
cardiovascular system
list the blood vessels within the bodys circuit
heart-arti\eries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins-heart
tubes that transport blood away from heart
arteries
exchange of materials between blood and body cells
capillaries
tubes that return blood back to heart
veins
walls of the capillaries are only 1 cell layer thick because…
it allows materials through easily and quickly
pumps blood to lungs
right side of heart
pumps blood to rest of body
left side of heart
upper smaller chambers that receive blood returning to the heart
2 atria
lower larger chambers; pushes blood out of heart
2 ventricles
heart-lungs-heart
pulmonary circuit
heart-body tissues-heart
systemic circuit
heart-heart muscle cells- heart
coronary circulation
where does lymph originate
lymphatic system
return excess interstitial fluid to bloodstream
transport products of fat digestion from the small intestine to the blood stream
help defend against disease causing organisms
functions of lymphathic system
targets pathogens
bodys defense system
organisms that cause disease or infection
pathogens
three lines of defense
keep foreign organisms out of body; attack any foreign organisms inside the body; destroy a specific type of foreign organism inside body
4 ways in which the body attacks any foreign organisms, molecules, or cancer cells inside body
defensive cells, defensive proteins, inflammation, fever
slows growth of bacteria; stimulates body defense response
fever
is specific to pathogen and has memory
immune system
why is o2 important
helps make ATP energy via cellular respiration
provide body with O2 and dispose of CO2
functions of respiratory system
upper respiratory structures
nose- nasal cavity- pharynx- larynx
filters, warms, and moistens air
upper respir system
move air to gas exchange surface and gas exchange
lower respir system
lower respiratory structures
trachea- bronchial tree- lungs
voice box
larynx
throat
pharynx
windpipe
trachea
thin walled round chamber that is surround by many capillaries for gas exchange in and out; provides huge surface area for gas exchange
alveoli
viral- many different viruses can cause; no antibiotics
common cold
viral- many kinds and no antibiotics
flu
fluid accumulates in alveoli and bronchioles swell
pneumonia
bacterial infection- antibiotic treatment
strep throat
thick, sticky mucus- clogs air passageways and traps bacteria
cystic fibrosis
what type of microorganisms cause the common cold and flu
viral
why is it taking an antibiotic inappropriate for the common cold and flu
because antibiotics are for bacterial not viral
list organs in the gastrointestinal tract
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
4 digestive assessory organs
salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder
mechanical breakdown of food
teeth
moistens and binds food
contains enzyme to begin digestion of sugars and starches
salivary glands
what begins digestion by the saliva
proteins
what is the tongue made of
a muscle
store food and regulate release of food to small intest
liquefy food
carry out initial digestion of proteins
stomach
functions: chemical digestion and absorption
small intestine
primary site of absorption of nutrients
absorption
largest region of the large intestine
colon
absorbs h2o and ions
stores, forms, and expels feces
large intestine
the location where the pancreatic enzymes are released
first part of small intestine
physically breaks down fats for increase enzyme action
bile function
secrete it into gall bladder and small intestine
bile
where is bile produced
in liver
stores and releases bile into small intestine
gall bladder
when is the gall bladder needed
in response to increase of fats entering small intestine
4 basic organs of the urinary system
kidneys
ureters
urethra
urinary bladder
remove wastes from body
regulate blood volume and bp
stimulate production of rbc
regulate concentrations of solutes in plasma
help stabilize blood pH
promote the bodys use of calcium and phosphorus
kidneys
tubes connecting kidneys and bladder
ureters
temporarily stores urine
urinary bladder
tube that transports urine out of body
urethra
functional unit of the kidney
nephron
as blood moves through and is filtered- substances are removed from and added to blood
nephrons
usually from bacteria travelling up urethra from outside body
UTI
why are utis more common in female
shorter urethra and is closer to anus
why do cells need to reproduce
growth and development; renewal and repair
significance of dna with regard to cell division
copies of dna are made and 1 copy is passed from parent cell to daughter cell
nuclear division that results in identical body cells (somatic cells)
mitosis
nuclear division that creates gametes (egg and sperm)
meiosis
so daughter cell nuclei get the same number and kinds of chromosomes as mother cell nucleus
mitosis
chromatin condenses to form chromosomes and spindles appear
prophase
centromeres line up at center of cell
metaphase
centromeres split and chromatids separate- become daughter chromosomes
anaphase
chromosomes cluster at opposite poles and begin changing back to chromatin
telophase
reduces the chromosome number from diploid number to haploid number
meosis
with what event will these cells contain 2 complete sets of chromosomes
mitosis
another name for down syndrome
trisomy 21
3 chromosomes
trisomy
certain segments of dna
genes
different forms of a gene
alleles
one that has the ability to mask the expression of another
dominant allele
one whose expression is masked by the dominant allele for the same trait
recesive allele
organism that has 2 identical alleles
homozygous
organism that has 2 different alleles
heterozygous
precise set of alleles of a person possesses for a given trait
genotype
observable physical trait or traits
phenotype
any chromosome other than a sex chromosome
autosomes
appear normal but can have child with disorder
carrier
when there are more than 2 possible for a particular trait
multiple alleles
both expressed when both present
codominant
when a trait is controlled by 2 or more genes and each dominant allele has an additive effect to the phenotype
polygenic inheritance
why males are affected more often by x-linked disorders than females
get 1 X chromosome- if they get recessive gene they show disorder
4 nitrogen bases found in dna
cytosine
guanine
thymine
adenine
3 types of rna
messenger
transfer
ribosomal
info from dna to mRNA; protein synthesis
transcription
info from mRNA to protein; protein synthesis
translation
how many different amino acids are there
20
permanent change in the sequence of bases in dna
gene mutation
manipulation of genetic material for human purposes
genetic engineering
contains dna from 2 or more different sources
recombinant dna
cures genetic diseases
gene therapy
discovered the order of base pairs in human dna and determined humans have 20-25,000 genes that code for proteins
human genome project
how long did the human genome project take
13 years completed in 2003
2 gonads
testes and ovaries
2 gametes
sperm and egg
produce gametes and sex hormones
gonads
3 organs in the male duct system
epididymis
vas deferns
urethra
3 accessory organs of the male
seminal vesicle
prostate gland
bulbourethral gland
surrounds upper portion of urethra
prostate gland
deliver sperm to female reprod system
penis
where does fertilization occur
oviducts/fallopian tubes
what day is ovulation
14
