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Biology 107 > chapter 20 and 21 > Flashcards

chapter 20 and 21 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

certain segments of DNA

A

genes

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2
Q

different forms of a gene

A

alleles

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3
Q

one that has the ability to mask the expression of another

A

dominant allele

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4
Q

one whose expression is masked by the dominant allele for the same trait

A

recessive allele

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5
Q

an organism that has 2 identical alleles

A

homozygous

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6
Q

organism that has 2 different alleles

A

heterzygous

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7
Q

precise set of alleles a person possess for a given trait

A

genotype

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8
Q

observable physical trait or traits

A

phenotype

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9
Q

discovered laws of heredity

A

mendelian genetics

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10
Q

letters

A

genotype

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11
Q

individuals observable traits - height, eye color, blood type

A

phenotype

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12
Q

chart showing the genetic connections between individuals in a family

A

pedigrees

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13
Q

any chromosomes other than a sex chromosome

A

autosome

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14
Q

normal allele (a) is recessive and those with the alleles AA or Aa have the disorder

A

autosomal dominant

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15
Q

normal allele (A) is dominant and only those with the alleles aa have the disorder

A

autosomal recessive

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16
Q

Aa appear normal but can have a child with the disorder

A

carriers

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17
Q

marfan syndrome

A

autosomal dominant disorder

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18
Q

abnormal connective tissue

A

marfan syndrome

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19
Q

weakened brittle bones

A

osteogensis imperfecta

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20
Q

osteogensis imperfecta

A

autosomal dominant disorder

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21
Q

neurological disease

A

huntington disease

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22
Q

high cholesterol

A

familial cholesterolemia

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23
Q

huntington disease

A

autosomal dominant disorder

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24
Q

huntington disease

A

autosomal dominant

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25
Q

premature aging

A

progeria

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26
Q

progeria

A

autosomal dominant

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27
Q

very thick mucus in bronchial tubes and pancreatic ducts

A

cystic fibrosis

28
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

autosomal recessive

29
Q

albinism

A

autosomal recessive

30
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

autosomal recessive

31
Q

when there are more than 2 possible for a particular trait

A

multiple alleles

32
Q

both expressed when both present

A

codominant

33
Q

shown when heterozygote has intermediate phenotype between dominant and recessive homozygous

A

incomplete dominance

34
Q

when a trait is controlled by 2 or more genes and each dominant allele has an additive effect to the phenotype

A

polygenic inheritance

35
Q

XX

A

female

36
Q

XY

A

male

37
Q

determines sex of baby

A

male

38
Q

has some genes on it that are unrelated to a gender

A

X chromosome

39
Q

carries very few genes

A

Y chromosome

40
Q

get 1 X chromosome and if they get recessive gene they show disorder

A

male

41
Q

color blindness

A

X-linked disorder

42
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

X-linked disorder

43
Q

hemophilia

A

X-linked disorder

44
Q

tests are available to detect or predict some genetic disorders

A

detecting genetic disorder

45
Q

long needle inserted into abdomen to collect some amniotic fluid with living cells floating in it

A

amniocentesis

46
Q

small amount of tissue containing part of the placenta is removed and analyzed for genetic abnormalities

A

chorionic villi sampling

47
Q

blood test in newborns routinely to screen for

A

pku

48
Q

may predictive genetic tests now available or being developed; blood tests

A

adult genetic testing

49
Q

permanent change in the sequence of bases in DNA

A

gene mutation

50
Q

what can gene mutations be from

A

change/swap in a single DNA nucleotide
inserted base
deleted base

51
Q

example of gene mutation

A

sickle cell anemia- just one amino acid swapped in the hemoglobin protein

52
Q

manipulation of genetic material for human purposes

A

genetic engineering

53
Q

recombinant DNA contains DNA from 2 or more different sources

A

recombinant dna

54
Q

e. coli is used to produce what

A

human insulin for diabetics

55
Q

why is e. coli used in recombinant DNA

A

using an enzyme to cut an opening into bacterial DNA and inserting a human gene into it

56
Q

used to create copies of segments of DNA quickly in a test tube

A

polymerase chain reaction

57
Q

what are new copies of DNA fingerprinting used for

A 
identifying and convicting criminals 
identifying bodies 
paternity suits
detecting genetic disorders
even recognizing illegally poached ivory and whale meat
58
Q

genetic engineering

A

environmental- oil eating microbes for oil spills
livestock- vaccines for animals
pharmaceuticals- edible vaccines for hepatitis B- in bananas
agriculture- higher yields

59
Q

used to cure genetic diseases

A

gene therapy

60
Q

method of gene therapy

A

gene is inserted into cells that have been removed and then returned to the body

61
Q

diseases of gene therapy

A

SCID, AIDS, muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis

62
Q

study of our complete genetic makeup

A

genomics

63
Q

how long did it take for genomics

A

13 yr effort completed in 2003

64
Q

whats the purpose of genomics

A

discovered the order of the base pairs in human DNA

65
Q

what did genomics determine

A

humans have 20,000-25,000 genes that code for proteins

66
Q

base pairs of rna

A

adenine-uracil

cytosine-guanine

Biology 107 (7 decks)

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