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Biology 107 > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

list and describe the seven characteristics of life

A 
contain nucleic acids, proteins, carbs, and lipids
composed of cells
grow and reproduce
use energy and raw materials 
respond to environment 
maintain homeostasis
adaptive traits
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2
Q

smallest unit of life

A

cells

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3
Q

relatively constant and self-correcting internal environment

A

homeostasis

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4
Q

what is the significance of adaptive traits in living organisms

A

helps increase survival

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5
Q

all living organisms are classified

A

taxonomy

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6
Q

how are living organisms classified

A

greatest similarity are grouped together

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7
Q

the classification system categories, in order

A 
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species (interbreeding individuals)
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8
Q

list the 3 domains

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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9
Q

list the 4 kingdoms within the domain eukarya

A

protists
fungi
plants
animals

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10
Q

list the classification of humans in order

A

domain: eukarya
kingdom: animals
phylum: chordates
class: mammals
order: primates
family: hominids
genus: homo
species: homo sapiens

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11
Q

homo sapiens means

A

man who knows

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12
Q

list the levels of biological organization

A 
molecules- h2o
cell
tissue-cardiac tissue
organ-heart
organ system-cardiac system
individual- one person
population- biology 107 class
community-what happens in the commons
ecosystem-woods (trees, water, dirt, animals, etc)
biosphere-earths crust
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13
Q

what is the scientific method used for

A

gathering information and acquiring knowledge

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14
Q

steps used in the scientific method

A 
observe and ask a question
form testable hypothesis
test experiment and collect data
draw conclusions 
repeat as needed to get answers
possibly form theory
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15
Q

possible explanation/prediction to question

A

hypothesis

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16
Q

well supported and wide ranging explanation of some aspect of the physical universe

A

theory

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17
Q

explain the importance of having a controlled group

A

goes through all the steps of the experiment but lacks factor being tested

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18
Q

experimental/independent variable

A

factor being tested

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19
Q

responding/dependent variable

A

change/effect that occurs because of experimental variable

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20
Q

all matter is composed of an

A

an element

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21
Q

how many elements are there

A

118

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22
Q

how many elements are natural

A

98

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23
Q

6 most common elements found in the body

A

O, C, H, N, Ca, P

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24
Q

65% of the body is WHAT? 18% is WHAT

A

Oxygen; carbon

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25
Q

structure of an atom

A

smallest unit of an element and contains subatomic particles

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26
Q

in an atom

A

the nucleus contains protons and neutrons. electrons move around nucleus

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27
Q

energy levels around the nucleus are called

A

shells

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28
Q

1 st shell

A

2 e-

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29
Q

2 nd shell

A

8 e-

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30
Q

charge of proton

A

+

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31
Q

charge of neutron

A

0

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32
Q

charge of electron

A

-

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33
Q

what is charge of a complete atom

A

0; stable

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34
Q

what are the maximum numbers of electrons allowed in the first 2 shells

A

overall 10e-

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35
Q

what is the situation when the outer shell is not filled to its maximum capacity

A

electrons receive, donate, or share electrons with other atoms to empty or fill outer shell

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36
Q

atoms atomic number determined by

A

number of protons

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37
Q

atoms atomic weight determined by

A

number of protons and number of neutrons

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38
Q

atoms of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons

A

isotopes

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39
Q

how do numbers of atomic components change in an isotope

A

same elements with different number of neutrons

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40
Q

some isotopes are unstable and are

A

radioisotopes

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41
Q

dangerous example of radioisotopes

A

skin cancer, birth defects

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42
Q

good examples of radioisotopes

A

X-rays, kill cancer cells

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43
Q

2 or more atoms bound to each other

A

molecule

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44
Q

a molecule with atoms of at least 2 different elements bonding

A

compound

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45
Q

example of a molecule

A

o2

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46
Q

example of a compound

A

h2o

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47
Q

3 types of chemical bonds

A

covalent ionic hydrogen

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48
Q

atoms share e- to complete outer shell

A

covalent

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49
Q

results with giving and receiving e-

A

ionic bonds

50
Q

very weak bond/easily broken

51
Q

difference between an ionic and covalent bond

A

covalent- atom sharing electrons

ionic-happens when oppositely charged ions attract

52
Q

share 1 pair of e-

A

single bond

53
Q

share 2 pair of e-

A

double bond

54
Q

share 3 pair of e-

A

triple bond

55
Q

an atom or group of atoms that carries either a positive or negative charge

56
Q

how is an ion formed

A

transfer of electrons between atoms

57
Q

example of an ion

A

Na (11 electrons): 2/8/1- will donate outer e-
result: 11 protons and 10 electrons
Na +

58
Q

where r hydrogen bonds found

A

H2O molecules

59
Q

what is different about hydrogen bonds

A

between DNA strands

60
Q

important of the 4 properties of water

A

solvent
bodys main transport medium
helps prevent dramatic changes in body temp
high heat of evaporation

61
Q

anything that releases H+ when placed in H2O

62
Q

example of an acid

A

lemon juice, vinegar

63
Q

anything that releases OH- when placed in H2O

64
Q

what does the pH scale measure

A

conc of acids and bases

65
Q

what is the range of the pH scale

66
Q

neural pH

67
Q

pH acid

A

anything less than 7.0

68
Q

pH base

A

anything great than ph 7.0

69
Q

chemicals that keep pH within normal limits

70
Q

pH of blood

71
Q

condition when pH level is

72
Q

condition when pH level is >7.45

73
Q

2 buffers that are commonly used in the body

A

carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions

74
Q

4 groups of polymers/macromolecules found in living things and their monomers

A

carbs- monosaccarides
lipids- fatty acids and glycerol
proteins-amino acids
nucleic acid-nucleotides

75
Q

what is removed as a by-product during the formation of a polymer

A

h2o molecule is lost

76
Q

describe how polymers are formed

A

bond is formed between monomers and a h2o molecule is lost

77
Q

describe how polymers are broken down

A

h2o is used to break the bond between monomers

78
Q

what is the most significant function of carbs

A

provide fuel (energy) for the body

79
Q

basic chemical structure /ratio of a carb

A

C,H, and O (1:2:1)

80
Q

3 types of carbs, as classified by size

A

monosaccarides
oligosaccharides
polysaccharides

81
Q

3 best known monosaccharides and their chemical formula

A

glucose- C6H12O6
fructose- C6H12O6
galactose- C6H12O6

82
Q

define disaccharide

A

sugars; 2 monosaccharides

83
Q

how is a disaccharide formed

A

2 monosaccharides bonded

84
Q

list 3 oligosaccharides/disaccharides

A

sucrose, maltose, lactose

85
Q

3 common polysaccharides and their function

A

starch- storage polysaccharide in plant
glycogen- storage polysaccharide in animals
cellulose- makes up part of plant cell walls

86
Q

3 examples of lipids that are important to humans

A

triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids

87
Q

basic chemical components of a triglyceride

A

3 fatty acids and glycerol (ratio of 3:1)

88
Q

4 functions of triglycerides

A

long term energy storage, cushion, insulation, means of absorbing lipid-soluble and vitamins

89
Q

difference between saturated and unsaturated and an example

A

saturated-no double bonds between carbons in animal fats (ex. butter)
unsaturated- double bonds in carbon chain in veggie oil (ex. olive oil)

90
Q

basic chemical components of a phosphate

A

two fatty acids and a phosphate group

91
Q

structure of a phospholipid

A

head of molecule is hydrophilic

tail is hydrophobic

92
Q

how are phospholipids arranged in a cell membrane

A

arrange themselves in double layer in presence of h2o. also are arranged this way is because 1 side attracted to h2o and 1 side repels h2o

93
Q

examples of steroids found in living things

A

chloesterol, estrogen, and testosterone

94
Q

polymers

95
Q

a chain of a few amino acids

96
Q

chain of > 10 amino acids

A

polypeptide

97
Q

at least 50 amino acids bonded

98
Q

how many different amino acids are there

99
Q

4 functions of proteins

A

structural support
transport
movement
regulation of chemical reactions

100
Q

list and describe 4 shapes of proteins

A

primary-amino acid sequence
secondary- how protein coils or folds
tertiary- 3d folding; held with bonds
quaternary- 1 polypeptide chain bonded together

101
Q

what causes denaturalization

A

high temps or changes in pH

102
Q

permanent disruption of protein structure/shape -> loss of function

A

denaturation

103
Q

what happens to form a prion

A

changes in 2 degree structure of protein in neuron

104
Q

example of a prion disease

A

creutzfeldt-jakob disease

105
Q

name the function of enzymes

A

speeds up chemical reactions

106
Q

basic characteristics of enzymes

A

not affected by reactions and is reused
specific in their actions and reactions they work with
often end in “ase” and named for their substrate

107
Q

what is the function of cofactors? example?

A

sometimes need helpers

ex. vitamins, zinc, iron

108
Q

describe how many enzymes are named

109
Q

3 components of a nucleotide

A

phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, and nitrogen base

110
Q

basic structure and function of dna

A

genectic info in cells- in chromosomes

made up of twisted double strands held together by H bonds

111
Q

basic structure and function of rna

A

converts genetic info in dan into proteins

single stranded

112
Q

basic structure and function of atp

A

universal energy source for cells

adenine and ribose; 3 phosphate groups

113
Q

what are the abbreviations for dna

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

114
Q

what are the abbreviations for rna

A

ribonucleic acid

115
Q

what are the abbreviations for atp

A

adenosine triphosphate

116
Q

2 differences in structure between dna and rna

A

dna- twisted double strands; 4 nitrogen bases= cytosine, thymine, guanine, adenine
ran-single stranded; 4 nitrogen bases=cytosine, uracil, guanine, adenine

117
Q

how is energy released from atp

A

breaking of bond between phosphates

118
Q

what enzymes acts on

119
Q

end result of chemical reaction

120
Q

when ion donates electron

121
Q

when ion receives electron

122
Q

example of bases

A

tums, baking soda, ammonia

Biology 107 (7 decks)

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