chapter 8-13 Flashcards
touch, pressure, hearing, equilibrium
mechanoreceptors
detect changes in temp
thermoreceptors
detect changes in light intensity
photoreceptors
smell and taste
chemoreceptors
respond to physical or chemical damage to tissues
pain receptors
Give examples of internal stimuli that receptors can detect.
blood pressure, hunger, thirst
Give several examples of general senses
touch, pressure, vibration
three layers of the eyeball
outer
middle
inner
tough white of eye
sclera
protection and attachment to eye muscles
sclera
transparent front of eye
cornea
function: window of the eye
cornea
contains blood vessels to supply chemicals and O2 to tissues of the eye
choroid
color portion of the eye; contains smooth muscle
iris
function: regulates amount of light entering eye
iris
opening in center of iris
pupil
send signal to brain via optic nerve
retina
for vision in dim light and black and white vision
rods
for color vision
cones
transparent, elastic, roundish structure behind iris and pupil
lens
function: changes shape to allow for focusing
lens
where are rods and cones found
in the retina
occurs when lens becomes cloudy or opaque
cataracts
the receiver
outer ear
the amplifier
middle ear
the transmitter
inner ear
gathers sound and channels it
pinna
sound is channel from pinna to
external auditory canal
vibrates with sound waves and transfers these vibrations to middle ear
tympanic membrane
3 bones in the middle ear that picks up sound vibrations from tympanic membrane
malleus, incus, stapes
fluid in cochlea (in inner ear)
oval window
eustachian tube
auditory tube
function is to equalize pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane
auditory tube
hearing
cochlea
balance and equilibrium
vestibular apparatus
eardrum
tympanic membrane
water trapped in ear canal and grows bacteria
swimmer ear
usually begins with infection of nose and throat
middle ear
why are middle ear infections more common in children
straighter and shorter auditory tubes
What is the scientific term for smell
olfactory receptors
Explain where olfactory receptors are and what stimulates them
nasal cavity; odor molecules (chemicals)
2 locations where olfactory messages are sent by the receptors
limbic system and cerebrum
connects smell to emotions and memory
limbic system
interprets smells
cerebrum
detect chemicals dissolved in saliva and sends info to brain
taste buds
how long do taste buds last
10 days
list 5 primary tastes
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
significance of taste of bitter
frequent poison and unpleasant taste
3 major functions of blood
transportation
protection
regulation
nutrients, gases, and hormones to cells and of wastes to be excreted
transportation
WBC against disease causing organisms;
platelets against excessive bloodless
protection
body temperature throughout body
regulation
main component of plasma
92% h2o
all formed elements of blood are made where
in red bone marrow by stem cells
thrombocytes; fx: blood clotting
platelets
leukocytes; fx: remove waste and toxins
wbc
erythrocytes; fx: pick up O2 in lungs and carry it to body cells
rbc
how many different types of wbc are there
5
Explain how and why white blood cells leave blood vessels
many squeeze out of blood vessels to site of infection, tissue damages, or inflammation
Identify the most numerous type of blood cell in our body
rbc
Explain the function of hemoglobin
picks up O2 in lungs and carry it to body cells
Explain the function of iron in rbc
binds with O2
Describe where old & damaged red blood cells go “to die”
from circ in liver and spleen
bloods ability to carry O2 is reduced
anemia
symptoms of anemia
fatigue, headaches, dizziness
most common cause of anemia
iron
viral disease spread by saliva
infectious mononucleosis
symptoms of infectious mononucleosis
extreme fatigue, fever, chills
what is leukemia
cancer of wbc
why is leukemia so harmful
uncontrolled multiplication
chemical messengers that head to target cells with specific receptors
hormones
Where are hormones made
endocrine cells
how do hormones get to their target cells?
diffuse into bloodstream
What is the function of the endocrine system?
regulate and coordinate other body systems and thus maintain homeostasis
What other system does the same basic function as the endocrine system?
nervous system
is made up of 2 lobes (anterior and posterior) and releases different hormones
pituitary
connected to pituitary and controls pituitary hormones
hypothalamus
major endocrine organs that secrete hormones
parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, thyroid, pancreas??
stimulates growth-esp in bones, muscles, and cartilage
growth hormone
stimulates mammary glands to produce milk
prolactin hormone
stimulates adrenal cortex hormones
adrenocorticotropic
stimulates thyroid hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
promotes gamete development in ovaries/testes
follicle stimulating hormone
causes ovulation; stimulates sex hormones in ovaries/testes
luteinizing hormone
Explain where the 2 hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary come from
hypothalamus
labor contractions; stimulates milk ejection
oxytocin
conserve h2o by decreasing urine output
antidiuretic hormone
2 hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary
oxytocin and antidiuretic
regulates metabolic rate and heat production
T3 and T4
decrease calcium in blood
calcitonin
3 thyroid glands
T3 and T4 and calctonin
Explain what causes a goiter and how it is commonly avoided
decrease in iodine
UNCOMMON- iodized salt
increase calcium in blood
parathyroid hormone
antagonist to calcitonin
parathyroid hormone
gonadocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids
adrenal cortex
are male and female sex hormones
gonadocorticoids
affect mineral homeostasis and water balance
mineralocorticoids
affect glucose levels; inhibits inflammatory response
glucocorticoids
2 hormones of adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine
function: fight or flight response
epinephrine and norepinephrine
What part of the nervous system do epinephrine and norepinephrine work with?
sympathetic nervous system
Explain how the pancreas is both exocrine and endocrine in function
digestive enzymes (exocrine) hormones (endocrine)
2 hormones of the pancreas
glucagon and insulin
increase blood glucose
glucagon
decrease blood glucose
insulin
increase in blood glucose because either there was a decrease in insulin function or increase in insulin function
diabetes mellitus
secretes hormones that play important role in immunity by maturing white blood cells used for immunity (T cells)
thymus gland
thymus gland is WHAT in infants
larger in infants and decreases is size as we age
hormone in pineal gland
melatonin
establishes biological rhythms and triggers sleep
melatonin
List the 2 major components of the cardiovascular system
heart and blood vessels
What the basic function of the cardiovascular system?
our bodys transportation network
List the blood vessels, in order, within the body’s circuit
heart-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins-heart
tubes that transport blood away from heart
arteries
exchange of materials between blood and body cells
capillaries
tubes that return blood back to heart
veins
Explain the significance of elastic walls in arteries
stretch with heart pumping, help maintain BP
weakness in artery wall- bulges- may enlarge and burst- hemorrhage
aneurysm
Describe the structure of a capillary and its significance.
very thin to allow materials through easily and quickly
How much does the heart beat?
72 times per minute
How much blood does heart pump?
5 liters per minute
3 layers of the heart
pericardium
myocardium
endocardium
thick fibrous sac with fluid
func: protection and decrease friction
pericardium
mostly cardiac muscle; thick layer
func: pumping of heart
myocardium
thin, smooth lining
func: decrease fricition
endocardium
pumps blood to lungs and blood picks up O2 and drop off CO2 in lungs
right side of heart
pumps blood to rest of body and blood drops off 02 to body cells and picks up O2
left side of heart
4 chambers of the heart
2 atria and 2 ventricles
upper smaller chambers, thinner walls
2 atria
receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart
2 atria
lower larger chambers; thick muscular walls
2 ventricles
main pumps of the heart- pushes blood out of heart
2 ventricles
3 circuits of blood flow
pulmonary
systemic
coronary
heart-lungs-heart
pulmonary
heart-body tissues-heart
systemic
heart-heart muscle cells-heart
coronary
surplus interstital fluid
lymph
similar to blood vessels but pick up lymph and carry it back to blood
lymphatic vessels
4 lymphoid tissues and organs
lymph nodes
thymus
tonsils
spleen
filter and clean lymph as it returns back to blood
lymph nodes
in throat and help protect against disease organisms that are inhaled or swallowed
tonsils
filters and cleans blood
spleen
return excess interstitial fluid to bloodstream
transport products of fat digestion from the small intestine to the blood stream
help defend against disease causing organisms
functions of lymphatic system
Describe the function of the body’s defense system
targets pathogens
organisms that cause disease or infection
pathogens
List several types of organisms that can be pathogens
bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungi
List the 3 major lines of defense – in order
keep the foreign organisms or molecules out of the body
attack any foreign organism or molecule or cancer cell inside the body.
destroy a specific type of foreign organism or molecule or cancer cell inside the body
List several examples of physical and chemical barriers
tears, skin, stomach, saliva
4 ways in which the body attacks any foreign organisms, molecules, or cancer cells inside the body
defensive cells
defensive proteins
inflammation
fever
phagocytes/wbc’s- to engulf organisms
defensive cells
two examples of defensive proteins
interferon (antiviral), complement proteins (cause bacteria to burst, enhance phagocytosis, etc)
blood vessels widen- redness, heat
inflammation
slows growth of bacteria; stimulates body defense response
fever
What is the function of complement proteins?
cause bacteria to burst, enhance phagocytosis, etc
redness, heat
blood vessels widen
swelling and pain
capillaries become more permeable
destroys a specific type of foreign organism or molecule or cancer cell inside the body
immune system
introduction of harmless form of the pathogen into body
vaccine
what does a vaccine do
immune response with memory
