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Biology 107 > chapter 8-13 > Flashcards

chapter 8-13 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

touch, pressure, hearing, equilibrium

A

mechanoreceptors

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2
Q

detect changes in temp

A

thermoreceptors

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3
Q

detect changes in light intensity

A

photoreceptors

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4
Q

smell and taste

A

chemoreceptors

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5
Q

respond to physical or chemical damage to tissues

A

pain receptors

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6
Q

Give examples of internal stimuli that receptors can detect.

A

blood pressure, hunger, thirst

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7
Q

Give several examples of general senses

A

touch, pressure, vibration

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8
Q

three layers of the eyeball

A

outer
middle
inner

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9
Q

tough white of eye

A

sclera

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10
Q

protection and attachment to eye muscles

A

sclera

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11
Q

transparent front of eye

A

cornea

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12
Q

function: window of the eye

A

cornea

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13
Q

contains blood vessels to supply chemicals and O2 to tissues of the eye

A

choroid

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14
Q

color portion of the eye; contains smooth muscle

A

iris

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15
Q

function: regulates amount of light entering eye

A

iris

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16
Q

opening in center of iris

A

pupil

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17
Q

send signal to brain via optic nerve

A

retina

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18
Q

for vision in dim light and black and white vision

A

rods

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19
Q

for color vision

A

cones

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20
Q

transparent, elastic, roundish structure behind iris and pupil

A

lens

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21
Q

function: changes shape to allow for focusing

A

lens

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22
Q

where are rods and cones found

A

in the retina

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23
Q

occurs when lens becomes cloudy or opaque

A

cataracts

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24
Q

the receiver

A

outer ear

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25
Q

the amplifier

A

middle ear

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26
Q

the transmitter

A

inner ear

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27
Q

gathers sound and channels it

A

pinna

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28
Q

sound is channel from pinna to

A

external auditory canal

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29
Q

vibrates with sound waves and transfers these vibrations to middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

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30
Q

3 bones in the middle ear that picks up sound vibrations from tympanic membrane

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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31
Q

fluid in cochlea (in inner ear)

A

oval window

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32
Q

eustachian tube

A

auditory tube

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33
Q

function is to equalize pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane

A

auditory tube

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34
Q

hearing

A

cochlea

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35
Q

balance and equilibrium

A

vestibular apparatus

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36
Q

eardrum

A

tympanic membrane

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37
Q

water trapped in ear canal and grows bacteria

A

swimmer ear

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38
Q

usually begins with infection of nose and throat

A

middle ear

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39
Q

why are middle ear infections more common in children

A

straighter and shorter auditory tubes

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40
Q

What is the scientific term for smell

A

olfactory receptors

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41
Q

Explain where olfactory receptors are and what stimulates them

A

nasal cavity; odor molecules (chemicals)

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42
Q

2 locations where olfactory messages are sent by the receptors

A

limbic system and cerebrum

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43
Q

connects smell to emotions and memory

A

limbic system

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44
Q

interprets smells

A

cerebrum

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45
Q

detect chemicals dissolved in saliva and sends info to brain

A

taste buds

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46
Q

how long do taste buds last

A

10 days

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47
Q

list 5 primary tastes

A

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

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48
Q

significance of taste of bitter

A

frequent poison and unpleasant taste

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49
Q

3 major functions of blood

A

transportation
protection
regulation

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50
Q

nutrients, gases, and hormones to cells and of wastes to be excreted

A

transportation

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51
Q

WBC against disease causing organisms;

platelets against excessive bloodless

A

protection

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52
Q

body temperature throughout body

A

regulation

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53
Q

main component of plasma

A

92% h2o

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54
Q

all formed elements of blood are made where

A

in red bone marrow by stem cells

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55
Q

thrombocytes; fx: blood clotting

A

platelets

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56
Q

leukocytes; fx: remove waste and toxins

A

wbc

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57
Q

erythrocytes; fx: pick up O2 in lungs and carry it to body cells

A

rbc

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58
Q

how many different types of wbc are there

A

5

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59
Q

Explain how and why white blood cells leave blood vessels

A

many squeeze out of blood vessels to site of infection, tissue damages, or inflammation

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60
Q

Identify the most numerous type of blood cell in our body

A

rbc

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61
Q

Explain the function of hemoglobin

A

picks up O2 in lungs and carry it to body cells

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62
Q

Explain the function of iron in rbc

A

binds with O2

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63
Q

Describe where old & damaged red blood cells go “to die”

A

from circ in liver and spleen

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64
Q

bloods ability to carry O2 is reduced

A

anemia

65
Q

symptoms of anemia

A

fatigue, headaches, dizziness

66
Q

most common cause of anemia

A

iron

67
Q

viral disease spread by saliva

A

infectious mononucleosis

68
Q

symptoms of infectious mononucleosis

A

extreme fatigue, fever, chills

69
Q

what is leukemia

A

cancer of wbc

70
Q

why is leukemia so harmful

A

uncontrolled multiplication

71
Q

chemical messengers that head to target cells with specific receptors

A

hormones

72
Q

Where are hormones made

A

endocrine cells

73
Q

how do hormones get to their target cells?

A

diffuse into bloodstream

74
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

regulate and coordinate other body systems and thus maintain homeostasis

75
Q

What other system does the same basic function as the endocrine system?

A

nervous system

76
Q

is made up of 2 lobes (anterior and posterior) and releases different hormones

A

pituitary

77
Q

connected to pituitary and controls pituitary hormones

A

hypothalamus

78
Q

major endocrine organs that secrete hormones

A

parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, thyroid, pancreas??

79
Q

stimulates growth-esp in bones, muscles, and cartilage

A

growth hormone

80
Q

stimulates mammary glands to produce milk

A

prolactin hormone

81
Q

stimulates adrenal cortex hormones

A

adrenocorticotropic

82
Q

stimulates thyroid hormone

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

83
Q

promotes gamete development in ovaries/testes

A

follicle stimulating hormone

84
Q

causes ovulation; stimulates sex hormones in ovaries/testes

A

luteinizing hormone

85
Q

Explain where the 2 hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary come from

A

hypothalamus

86
Q

labor contractions; stimulates milk ejection

A

oxytocin

87
Q

conserve h2o by decreasing urine output

A

antidiuretic hormone

88
Q

2 hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic

89
Q

regulates metabolic rate and heat production

A

T3 and T4

90
Q

decrease calcium in blood

A

calcitonin

91
Q

3 thyroid glands

A

T3 and T4 and calctonin

92
Q

Explain what causes a goiter and how it is commonly avoided

A

decrease in iodine

UNCOMMON- iodized salt

93
Q

increase calcium in blood

A

parathyroid hormone

94
Q

antagonist to calcitonin

A

parathyroid hormone

95
Q

gonadocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids

A

adrenal cortex

96
Q

are male and female sex hormones

A

gonadocorticoids

97
Q

affect mineral homeostasis and water balance

A

mineralocorticoids

98
Q

affect glucose levels; inhibits inflammatory response

A

glucocorticoids

99
Q

2 hormones of adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

100
Q

function: fight or flight response

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

101
Q

What part of the nervous system do epinephrine and norepinephrine work with?

A

sympathetic nervous system

102
Q

Explain how the pancreas is both exocrine and endocrine in function

A 
digestive enzymes (exocrine)
hormones (endocrine)
103
Q

2 hormones of the pancreas

A

glucagon and insulin

104
Q

increase blood glucose

A

glucagon

105
Q

decrease blood glucose

A

insulin

106
Q

increase in blood glucose because either there was a decrease in insulin function or increase in insulin function

A

diabetes mellitus

107
Q

secretes hormones that play important role in immunity by maturing white blood cells used for immunity (T cells)

A

thymus gland

108
Q

thymus gland is WHAT in infants

A

larger in infants and decreases is size as we age

109
Q

hormone in pineal gland

A

melatonin

110
Q

establishes biological rhythms and triggers sleep

A

melatonin

111
Q

List the 2 major components of the cardiovascular system

A

heart and blood vessels

112
Q

What the basic function of the cardiovascular system?

A

our bodys transportation network

113
Q

List the blood vessels, in order, within the body’s circuit

A

heart-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins-heart

114
Q

tubes that transport blood away from heart

A

arteries

115
Q

exchange of materials between blood and body cells

A

capillaries

116
Q

tubes that return blood back to heart

A

veins

117
Q

Explain the significance of elastic walls in arteries

A

stretch with heart pumping, help maintain BP

118
Q

weakness in artery wall- bulges- may enlarge and burst- hemorrhage

A

aneurysm

119
Q

Describe the structure of a capillary and its significance.

A

very thin to allow materials through easily and quickly

120
Q

How much does the heart beat?

A

72 times per minute

121
Q

How much blood does heart pump?

A

5 liters per minute

122
Q

3 layers of the heart

A

pericardium
myocardium
endocardium

123
Q

thick fibrous sac with fluid

func: protection and decrease friction

A

pericardium

124
Q

mostly cardiac muscle; thick layer

func: pumping of heart

A

myocardium

125
Q

thin, smooth lining

func: decrease fricition

A

endocardium

126
Q

pumps blood to lungs and blood picks up O2 and drop off CO2 in lungs

A

right side of heart

127
Q

pumps blood to rest of body and blood drops off 02 to body cells and picks up O2

A

left side of heart

128
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A

2 atria and 2 ventricles

129
Q

upper smaller chambers, thinner walls

A

2 atria

130
Q

receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart

A

2 atria

131
Q

lower larger chambers; thick muscular walls

A

2 ventricles

132
Q

main pumps of the heart- pushes blood out of heart

A

2 ventricles

133
Q

3 circuits of blood flow

A

pulmonary
systemic
coronary

134
Q

heart-lungs-heart

A

pulmonary

135
Q

heart-body tissues-heart

A

systemic

136
Q

heart-heart muscle cells-heart

A

coronary

137
Q

surplus interstital fluid

A

lymph

138
Q

similar to blood vessels but pick up lymph and carry it back to blood

A

lymphatic vessels

139
Q

4 lymphoid tissues and organs

A

lymph nodes
thymus
tonsils
spleen

140
Q

filter and clean lymph as it returns back to blood

A

lymph nodes

141
Q

in throat and help protect against disease organisms that are inhaled or swallowed

A

tonsils

142
Q

filters and cleans blood

A

spleen

143
Q

return excess interstitial fluid to bloodstream
transport products of fat digestion from the small intestine to the blood stream
help defend against disease causing organisms

A

functions of lymphatic system

144
Q

Describe the function of the body’s defense system

A

targets pathogens

145
Q

organisms that cause disease or infection

A

pathogens

146
Q

List several types of organisms that can be pathogens

A

bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungi

147
Q

List the 3 major lines of defense – in order

A

keep the foreign organisms or molecules out of the body
attack any foreign organism or molecule or cancer cell inside the body.
destroy a specific type of foreign organism or molecule or cancer cell inside the body

148
Q

List several examples of physical and chemical barriers

A

tears, skin, stomach, saliva

149
Q

4 ways in which the body attacks any foreign organisms, molecules, or cancer cells inside the body

A

defensive cells
defensive proteins
inflammation
fever

150
Q

phagocytes/wbc’s- to engulf organisms

A

defensive cells

151
Q

two examples of defensive proteins

A

interferon (antiviral), complement proteins (cause bacteria to burst, enhance phagocytosis, etc)

152
Q

blood vessels widen- redness, heat

A

inflammation

153
Q

slows growth of bacteria; stimulates body defense response

A

fever

154
Q

What is the function of complement proteins?

A

cause bacteria to burst, enhance phagocytosis, etc

155
Q

redness, heat

A

blood vessels widen

156
Q

swelling and pain

A

capillaries become more permeable

157
Q

destroys a specific type of foreign organism or molecule or cancer cell inside the body

A

immune system

158
Q

introduction of harmless form of the pathogen into body

A

vaccine

159
Q

what does a vaccine do

A

immune response with memory

Biology 107 (7 decks)

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