FINAL CHAPTER TEST Flashcards
Explain the significance of oxygen
oxygen makes ATP energy through cellular respiration
significance of CO2
body disposes CO2
process of respiration
breathe O2 in-transfer to RBC-RBC carry body cells- RBC drops ofF o2
blood picks up CO2 from body cells- blood carries CO2 back to lungs- breathe out CO2
2 functions of the respiratory system
provide body with O2
dispose of CO2
List the structures that air passes through in the respiratory system, in order
nose/mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli in lungs
filters, warms, and moistens air
upper respiratory system
upper respiratory structures
nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
move air to gas exchange surface and gas exchange
lower respiratory system
structures in lower respiratory system
trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
scientific name for windpipe
trachea
scientific name for voice box
larynx
scientific name for throat
pharynx
flap of cartilage which covers airway when swallowing
epiglottis
why does trachea have rings
to hold it open
thin walled round chamber that is surrounded by many capillaries for gas exchange in and out
alveoli
provides huge surface area for gas exchange
alveoli
2 respiratory muscles
intercostal muscles and diaphragm
muscles between ribs
intercostal muscle
muscle under lungs
diaphragm
viral- many different viruses can cause; no antibiotics
common cold
viral-no antibiotics; no severe than colds
flu
fluid accumulates in alveoli and bronchioles swell
pneumonia
bacterial infection- antibiotic treatment; can cause rheumatic fever or kidney problems
strep throat
thick, sticky mucus- clogs air passageways and traps bacteria
cystic fibrosis
inflammation of mucous membranes of bronchi- excess mucus
bronchitis
walls of alveoli break down and eventually thicken- decrease surface area for gas exchange
emphysema
commonly caused by smoking
emphysema
progressively worsening case of a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
COPD
caused by smoking- inhaling carcinogens- mutates cells to cancer
lung cancer
What type of microorganism causes the common cold and the flu
viral
Explain why it is inappropriate to take an antibiotic for the common cold or flu
only for bacterial infections
Explain why it is important to treat strep throat.
cause rheumatic fever or kidney problems
How does someone acquire cystic fibrosis
inherited disease
What 3 respiratory disorders listed are most commonly caused by smoking
COPD, lung cancer, emphysema
List the organs that compose the gastrointestinal tract, in order
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
List the 4 digestive accessory organs
salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder
List the 3 functions of the mouth
mechanical and chemical digestion
monitors food quality
moistens and manipulates food so it can be swallowed
how many teeth do humans have
32
mechanical breakdown of food
teeth
how many salivary glands do we have
3 pairs
moistens and binds food
saliva
What begins digestion by the saliva?
enzymes- sugar starches
4 functions of the tongue
taste
speech
manipulation of food and mix with saliva
begins swallowing
what is the tongue made of
muscle
store food and regulate release of food to small intestine
liquefy food
carry out initial digestion of proteins via enzymes
stomach
ph of stomach
7.4
Name two substances that can be absorbed through the stomach
alcohol and aspirin
functions: chemical digestion and absorption
small intestine
List the 3 major macromolecules that we chemically digest
carbohydrates, proteins, and fat
7 substances that the stomach absorbs
monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, water, ions, vitamins, and minerals
Identify the primary site/organ of absorption of nutrients in the body
small intestine
largest region of large intestine
colon
absorbs h2o and ions
stores, forms, and expels feces
large intestine
undigested food, cells, water, mucus, and millions of bacteria
feces
secretes enzymes to digest most nutrients
function of pancreas
Describe the location where the pancreatic enzymes are released
into the first part of small intestine
produce bile control glucose via glycogen metabolism storage of iron and some vitamins control lipid metabolism remove toxins from blood
function of liver
physically breaks down fats for increase enzyme action
bile
secretes into the gall bladder and small intestine
bile
muscular same with sphincters at each end
stomach
long twisted tube
small intestine
final tube
large intestine
last portion of large intestine
rectum
hole to expel feces
anus
pear shaped muscular sac
gall bladder
stores and releases bile into small intestine
gall bladder
when is the gall bladder needed
response to increase fats entering small intestine
List the 4 systems responsible for eliminating waste
integumentary system
respiratory system
digestive system
urinary system
what begins digestion in the stomach
protein
explain what the pH status is in the stomach
hydrochloric
where does the hydrochloric acid come from
acid in the stomach
eliminates heat, h2o, salt
integumentary system
eliminates co2, h20, heat
respiratory system
eliminates solid wastes
digestive system
eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes, h2o, excess ions
urinary system
Describe where the urinary system wastes come from
normal breakdown of proteins, nucleic acids and from muscle metabolism
4 basic organs of the urinary system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
regulate amount of h2o and dissolved substances that are removed from and returned to the blood
kidneys
tubes connecting kidneys and bladder
ureters
temporarily stores urine
urinary bladder
tube that transports urine out of body
urethra
removes wastes from body
regulate blood volume and BP
stimulate production of RBCs
regulate concentrations of solutes in plasma
helps stabilize blood pH
promote the bodys use of calcium and phosphorus
kidneys
Explain how kidney functions influence blood volume and blood pressure
adjusting h2p and salt excretion
Explain how kidney functions are responsible for blood cell production
producing a hormone
List the 2 functions of the connective tissue coverings of the kidneys
protection and attachment
Name the 2 major blood vessels entering and exiting the kidneys
renal artery enters; renal vein leaves
Name the functional unit of the kidney
nephrons
Briefly explain what happens in the nephron
as blood moves through, substances are removed from and added to blood
Describe the processes of how the desire to urinate and actual urination occurs
bladder stretches to send a signal to brain and spinal cord; brain permits voluntary relaxation of external urethral sphincter
Explain how urinary tract infections are usually acquired
from bacteria traveling up urethra from outside of body
males urethra
8 inches
females urethra
1.5 inches
why are UTIs more common in females
shorter urethra and closer to anus
List the 2 gonads
testes and ovaries
List the 2 gametes
sperm or egg
2 general functions of the gonads
produce gametes and sex hormones
3 organs of the male duct system
epididymis
vas deferens
urethra
general function of the duct system
transportation, storage and maturation of sperm
3 accessory organs of the male
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
function of the accessory organs
contribue fluid to make up semen
Identify the portion of the penis that is frequently surgically removed
foreskin (loosely fitting covering) around tip
what is it called the portion that gets removed
circumcision
Describe how an erection occurs
arteries entering penis dilate
erectile tissue fills with blood
veins draining blood from penis are squeezed shut so blood is trapped
3 regions of a sperm
head
midpiece
tail
aid sperm in penetrating cells around egg
head
motility
tail
provide ATP for tail
mid piece
a vesicle with enzymes
acrosome
why do sperm have mitochondria
provide ATP for tail
sperm production
secondary sex characteristics
function of testosterone
tubes that connect ovaries to uterus
oviducts
hollow, muscular organ
uterus
narrow neck of uterus
cervix
tube from uterus to exterior
vagina
cyclic changes in ovary that produce the egg
ovarian cycle
cyclic changes in uterine wall to prepare for a possible embryo
uterine (menstrual) cycle
3 components of the vulva
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
transport immature egg to uterus
usual site of fertilization and early development
function of oviducts
List 2 ways in which immature eggs are moved along the oviducts
peristalsis and cilia
Name the location where fertilization usually occurs
oviducts
2 functions of the uterus
pregnancy and childbirth
2 main layers of the uterus
muscle and endometrium
what the muscle layer of the uterus is specifically made of and significant
smooth muscle and for contractions
Explain what happens to the endometrium if pregnant versus not pregnant
preg- implants in lay
not- sloughed off w menstrual cycle
passageways for menstrual fluids
receives penis and sperm
birth canal
vagina
How long is a “typical” reproductive cycle
28 days
what is the ovarian and menstrual cycle directed by
hormones
Briefly explain the “life” of an egg
beginning at puberty- one immature egg develops per month- ovulation release of an egg that is ready
when does ovulation occur
day 14
release of an egg that is ready for fertilization
ovulation
bleeding associated with endometrium sloughing off
menstruation 1-7 days
regrows and thickens
endometrium 7-28 days
Explain how pregnancy changes the uterine cycle
endometrium doesn’t he’d
cut vas deferens- no sperm get out
vasectomy
cut oviducts to prevent egg and sperm from meeting
tubal ligation
estrogen and progesterone combo- stops egg from maturing and ovulating
hormonal contraception
list 3 birth controls
abtinence
sterilization
barrier methods
Describe the different forms in which hormonal contraceptives are currently available
pills, skin patch, or vaginal ring
device inserted in uterus; prevents fertilization and/or implantation
intrauterine device
List several forms of the barrier methods of birth control
male and female condoms
diaphragm
family planning or rhythm method
fertility awareness
