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Biology 107 > FINAL CHAPTER TEST > Flashcards

FINAL CHAPTER TEST Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Explain the significance of oxygen

A

oxygen makes ATP energy through cellular respiration

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2
Q

significance of CO2

A

body disposes CO2

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3
Q

process of respiration

A

breathe O2 in-transfer to RBC-RBC carry body cells- RBC drops ofF o2
blood picks up CO2 from body cells- blood carries CO2 back to lungs- breathe out CO2

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4
Q

2 functions of the respiratory system

A

provide body with O2

dispose of CO2

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5
Q

List the structures that air passes through in the respiratory system, in order

A

nose/mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli in lungs

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6
Q

filters, warms, and moistens air

A

upper respiratory system

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7
Q

upper respiratory structures

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

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8
Q

move air to gas exchange surface and gas exchange

A

lower respiratory system

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9
Q

structures in lower respiratory system

A

trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

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10
Q

scientific name for windpipe

A

trachea

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11
Q

scientific name for voice box

A

larynx

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12
Q

scientific name for throat

A

pharynx

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13
Q

flap of cartilage which covers airway when swallowing

A

epiglottis

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14
Q

why does trachea have rings

A

to hold it open

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15
Q

thin walled round chamber that is surrounded by many capillaries for gas exchange in and out

A

alveoli

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16
Q

provides huge surface area for gas exchange

A

alveoli

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17
Q

2 respiratory muscles

A

intercostal muscles and diaphragm

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18
Q

muscles between ribs

A

intercostal muscle

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19
Q

muscle under lungs

A

diaphragm

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20
Q

viral- many different viruses can cause; no antibiotics

A

common cold

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21
Q

viral-no antibiotics; no severe than colds

A

flu

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22
Q

fluid accumulates in alveoli and bronchioles swell

A

pneumonia

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23
Q

bacterial infection- antibiotic treatment; can cause rheumatic fever or kidney problems

A

strep throat

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24
Q

thick, sticky mucus- clogs air passageways and traps bacteria

A

cystic fibrosis

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25
Q

inflammation of mucous membranes of bronchi- excess mucus

A

bronchitis

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26
Q

walls of alveoli break down and eventually thicken- decrease surface area for gas exchange

A

emphysema

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27
Q

commonly caused by smoking

A

emphysema

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28
Q

progressively worsening case of a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema

A

COPD

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29
Q

caused by smoking- inhaling carcinogens- mutates cells to cancer

A

lung cancer

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30
Q

What type of microorganism causes the common cold and the flu

A

viral

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31
Q

Explain why it is inappropriate to take an antibiotic for the common cold or flu

A

only for bacterial infections

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32
Q

Explain why it is important to treat strep throat.

A

cause rheumatic fever or kidney problems

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33
Q

How does someone acquire cystic fibrosis

A

inherited disease

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34
Q

What 3 respiratory disorders listed are most commonly caused by smoking

A

COPD, lung cancer, emphysema

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35
Q

List the organs that compose the gastrointestinal tract, in order

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

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36
Q

List the 4 digestive accessory organs

A

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder

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37
Q

List the 3 functions of the mouth

A

mechanical and chemical digestion
monitors food quality
moistens and manipulates food so it can be swallowed

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38
Q

how many teeth do humans have

A

32

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39
Q

mechanical breakdown of food

A

teeth

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40
Q

how many salivary glands do we have

A

3 pairs

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41
Q

moistens and binds food

A

saliva

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42
Q

What begins digestion by the saliva?

A

enzymes- sugar starches

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43
Q

4 functions of the tongue

A

taste
speech
manipulation of food and mix with saliva
begins swallowing

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44
Q

what is the tongue made of

A

muscle

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45
Q

store food and regulate release of food to small intestine
liquefy food
carry out initial digestion of proteins via enzymes

A

stomach

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46
Q

ph of stomach

A

7.4

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47
Q

Name two substances that can be absorbed through the stomach

A

alcohol and aspirin

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48
Q

functions: chemical digestion and absorption

A

small intestine

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49
Q

List the 3 major macromolecules that we chemically digest

A

carbohydrates, proteins, and fat

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50
Q

7 substances that the stomach absorbs

A

monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, water, ions, vitamins, and minerals

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51
Q

Identify the primary site/organ of absorption of nutrients in the body

A

small intestine

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52
Q

largest region of large intestine

A

colon

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53
Q

absorbs h2o and ions

stores, forms, and expels feces

A

large intestine

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54
Q

undigested food, cells, water, mucus, and millions of bacteria

A

feces

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55
Q

secretes enzymes to digest most nutrients

A

function of pancreas

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56
Q

Describe the location where the pancreatic enzymes are released

A

into the first part of small intestine

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57
Q 
produce bile
control glucose via glycogen metabolism
storage of iron and some vitamins
control lipid metabolism 
remove toxins from blood
A

function of liver

58
Q

physically breaks down fats for increase enzyme action

A

bile

59
Q

secretes into the gall bladder and small intestine

A

bile

60
Q

muscular same with sphincters at each end

A

stomach

61
Q

long twisted tube

A

small intestine

62
Q

final tube

A

large intestine

63
Q

last portion of large intestine

A

rectum

64
Q

hole to expel feces

A

anus

65
Q

pear shaped muscular sac

A

gall bladder

66
Q

stores and releases bile into small intestine

A

gall bladder

67
Q

when is the gall bladder needed

A

response to increase fats entering small intestine

68
Q

List the 4 systems responsible for eliminating waste

A

integumentary system
respiratory system
digestive system
urinary system

69
Q

what begins digestion in the stomach

A

protein

70
Q

explain what the pH status is in the stomach

A

hydrochloric

71
Q

where does the hydrochloric acid come from

A

acid in the stomach

72
Q

eliminates heat, h2o, salt

A

integumentary system

73
Q

eliminates co2, h20, heat

A

respiratory system

74
Q

eliminates solid wastes

A

digestive system

75
Q

eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes, h2o, excess ions

A

urinary system

76
Q

Describe where the urinary system wastes come from

A

normal breakdown of proteins, nucleic acids and from muscle metabolism

77
Q

4 basic organs of the urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

78
Q

regulate amount of h2o and dissolved substances that are removed from and returned to the blood

A

kidneys

79
Q

tubes connecting kidneys and bladder

A

ureters

80
Q

temporarily stores urine

A

urinary bladder

81
Q

tube that transports urine out of body

A

urethra

82
Q

removes wastes from body
regulate blood volume and BP
stimulate production of RBCs
regulate concentrations of solutes in plasma
helps stabilize blood pH
promote the bodys use of calcium and phosphorus

A

kidneys

83
Q

Explain how kidney functions influence blood volume and blood pressure

A

adjusting h2p and salt excretion

84
Q

Explain how kidney functions are responsible for blood cell production

A

producing a hormone

85
Q

List the 2 functions of the connective tissue coverings of the kidneys

A

protection and attachment

86
Q

Name the 2 major blood vessels entering and exiting the kidneys

A

renal artery enters; renal vein leaves

87
Q

Name the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephrons

88
Q

Briefly explain what happens in the nephron

A

as blood moves through, substances are removed from and added to blood

89
Q

Describe the processes of how the desire to urinate and actual urination occurs

A

bladder stretches to send a signal to brain and spinal cord; brain permits voluntary relaxation of external urethral sphincter

90
Q

Explain how urinary tract infections are usually acquired

A

from bacteria traveling up urethra from outside of body

91
Q

males urethra

A

8 inches

92
Q

females urethra

A

1.5 inches

93
Q

why are UTIs more common in females

A

shorter urethra and closer to anus

94
Q

List the 2 gonads

A

testes and ovaries

95
Q

List the 2 gametes

A

sperm or egg

96
Q

2 general functions of the gonads

A

produce gametes and sex hormones

97
Q

3 organs of the male duct system

A

epididymis
vas deferens
urethra

98
Q

general function of the duct system

A

transportation, storage and maturation of sperm

99
Q

3 accessory organs of the male

A

seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands

100
Q

function of the accessory organs

A

contribue fluid to make up semen

101
Q

Identify the portion of the penis that is frequently surgically removed

A

foreskin (loosely fitting covering) around tip

102
Q

what is it called the portion that gets removed

A

circumcision

103
Q

Describe how an erection occurs

A

arteries entering penis dilate
erectile tissue fills with blood
veins draining blood from penis are squeezed shut so blood is trapped

104
Q

3 regions of a sperm

A

head
midpiece
tail

105
Q

aid sperm in penetrating cells around egg

A

head

106
Q

motility

A

tail

107
Q

provide ATP for tail

A

mid piece

108
Q

a vesicle with enzymes

A

acrosome

109
Q

why do sperm have mitochondria

A

provide ATP for tail

110
Q

sperm production

secondary sex characteristics

A

function of testosterone

111
Q

tubes that connect ovaries to uterus

A

oviducts

112
Q

hollow, muscular organ

A

uterus

113
Q

narrow neck of uterus

A

cervix

114
Q

tube from uterus to exterior

A

vagina

115
Q

cyclic changes in ovary that produce the egg

A

ovarian cycle

116
Q

cyclic changes in uterine wall to prepare for a possible embryo

A

uterine (menstrual) cycle

117
Q

3 components of the vulva

A

labia majora
labia minora
clitoris

118
Q

transport immature egg to uterus

usual site of fertilization and early development

A

function of oviducts

119
Q

List 2 ways in which immature eggs are moved along the oviducts

A

peristalsis and cilia

120
Q

Name the location where fertilization usually occurs

A

oviducts

121
Q

2 functions of the uterus

A

pregnancy and childbirth

122
Q

2 main layers of the uterus

A

muscle and endometrium

123
Q

what the muscle layer of the uterus is specifically made of and significant

A

smooth muscle and for contractions

124
Q

Explain what happens to the endometrium if pregnant versus not pregnant

A

preg- implants in lay

not- sloughed off w menstrual cycle

125
Q

passageways for menstrual fluids
receives penis and sperm
birth canal

A

vagina

126
Q

How long is a “typical” reproductive cycle

A

28 days

127
Q

what is the ovarian and menstrual cycle directed by

A

hormones

128
Q

Briefly explain the “life” of an egg

A

beginning at puberty- one immature egg develops per month- ovulation release of an egg that is ready

129
Q

when does ovulation occur

A

day 14

130
Q

release of an egg that is ready for fertilization

A

ovulation

131
Q

bleeding associated with endometrium sloughing off

A

menstruation 1-7 days

132
Q

regrows and thickens

A

endometrium 7-28 days

133
Q

Explain how pregnancy changes the uterine cycle

A

endometrium doesn’t he’d

134
Q

cut vas deferens- no sperm get out

A

vasectomy

135
Q

cut oviducts to prevent egg and sperm from meeting

A

tubal ligation

136
Q

estrogen and progesterone combo- stops egg from maturing and ovulating

A

hormonal contraception

137
Q

list 3 birth controls

A

abtinence
sterilization
barrier methods

138
Q

Describe the different forms in which hormonal contraceptives are currently available

A

pills, skin patch, or vaginal ring

139
Q

device inserted in uterus; prevents fertilization and/or implantation

A

intrauterine device

140
Q

List several forms of the barrier methods of birth control

A

male and female condoms

diaphragm

141
Q

family planning or rhythm method

A

fertility awareness

Biology 107 (7 decks)

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