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Biology 107 > Chapter 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 and 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic

A

pro- simpler and smaller; primarily bacteria

euk-cells of all other organisms including animals; contain organelles

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2
Q

example of prokaryotic cell

A

bacteria e.coli

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3
Q

example of eukaryotic cell

A

all other organisms including animals- human

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4
Q

2 major components of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipids and proteins

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5
Q

explain the unique arrangements of the phospholipids of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer-hydrophilic heads (face outside the cell where theres a watery solution); hydrophobic tails-away from water

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6
Q

the locations of proteins found in plasma membrane

A

interspersed in bilayer; some span bilayer completely and some are attached to inner or outer surface of membrane

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7
Q

list and describe functions of the plasma membrane

A 
maintains structural integrity of cell
regulates movement of substances into and out of cell
recognition between cells
communication between cells
sticks cells together
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8
Q

define selectively permeable

A

allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport

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9
Q

random movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

A

simple diffusion

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10
Q

movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration to a region of lower concentration with the aid of a membrane protein

A

facilitated diffusion

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11
Q

type of diffusion in which h2o moves across a membrane from a region of higher h2o concentration to a region of lower h20 concentration

A

osmosis

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12
Q

movement of substances across membrane from a lower concentration to a higher concentration with the aid of a protein carrier and energy (ATP)

A

active transport

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13
Q

movement when cell engulfs substance

A

endocytosis

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14
Q

movement when large substances leave cell

A

exocytosis

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15
Q

cell eating

A

phagocytosis

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16
Q

cell drinking

A

pinocytosis

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17
Q

differences between active and passive transport

A

passive- doesn’t require energy; moves molecules with conc (high to low)
active- needs energy; moves molecules against concentration (low to high)

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18
Q

2 means of transport that requires protein carriers

A

facilitated diffusion and active transport

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19
Q

2 requirements of active transport

A

needs aid of a carrier protein and needs energy

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20
Q

difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport in regards to the direction of movement

A

facilitated- (high to low)

active-(low to high)

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21
Q

one with a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell

A

hypertonic

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22
Q

concentration of solutes is equal inside and outside the cell

A

isotonic

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23
Q

one with a lower concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell

A

hypotonic

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24
Q

when rbc in hypertonic

A

h2o moves out of cell

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25
Q

when rbc in hypotonic

A

h2o moves into cell

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26
Q

when rbc in isotonic

A

h2o moves into and out of cell equally; no net movement

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27
Q

jellylike solution inside cell

A

cytoplasm

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28
Q

contains genetic info that is passed on from generation to generation

A

nucleus

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29
Q

separates the nucleus from cytoplasm

A

nuclear envelope

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30
Q

openings in the nuclear envelope

A

nuclear pores

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31
Q

region in nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced

A

nucleolus

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32
Q

primarily DNA; condenses and coils up just before cell division

A

chromatin

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33
Q

system of interconnecting membrane channels

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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34
Q

studded with ribosomes

A

rough er

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35
Q

function-protein synthesis

A

rough er

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36
Q

detoxification of alcohol and other drugs

A

smooth er

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37
Q

function: lipid synthesis- fats and steroids

A

smooth er

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38
Q

set of interconnected , flattened membranous sacs

A

golgi complex

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39
Q

function of the golgi complex

A

receives protein filled vesicles from er
modifies proteins via enzymes in golgi
produces lysosomes and vesicles
secretes substances out of cell through membrane

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40
Q

contains digestive enzymes and destroy nonfunctional organelles

A

lysosomes

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41
Q

made by rough er and processed in golgi

A

lysosomes

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42
Q

number varies with function and energy needs of cell

A

mitchondria

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43
Q

“powerhouse” of the cell

A

mitchondria

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44
Q

complex network of fibers within cytoplasm

A

cytoskeleton

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45
Q

3 types of cytoskeleton

A

microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments

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46
Q

short and numerous

A

cilia

47
Q

function: move cell

A

flagella

48
Q

long- usually just one

A

flagella

49
Q

sweep “stuff”

A

cilia

50
Q

cellular respiration equation

A

C6H1206 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + energy

51
Q

contraste chromatin and chromosomes

A

DNA within nucleus as long, thin threads- chromatin

when preparing to divide, DNA becomes highly coiled and condensed -chromosomes

52
Q

how many chromosomes do human cells have

A

46 chromosomes - 23 pairs

53
Q

mircotubules- cytoskeleton

A

thickest; straight hollow rods

54
Q

microfilament- cytoskeleton

A

thinnest; solid rods of protein

55
Q

intermediate filaments- cytoskeleton

A

helps maintain cell shape; anchor certain organelles in place

56
Q

how do our body cells get energy

A

from food
Digestive system breaks complex polymers down into monomers-simple molecules absorbed- carried to our cells- some used to make ATP

57
Q

the breakdown of glucose without O2

A

fermentation

58
Q

difference between cellular respiration and fermentation

A

cellular- requires O2

fermentation- doesn’t

59
Q

name of C6H12O6

A

D-glucose

60
Q

4 phases of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis
transition reaction
citric acid cycle
electron transport chain

61
Q

where does glycolysis occur in the cell

A

cytoplasm

62
Q

where does transition reaction occur in the cell

A

mitochondria

63
Q

where does citric acid cycle occur in the cell

A

mitochondria

64
Q

where does electron transport chain occur in the cell

A

mitochondria

65
Q

total yield of ATP for cellular respiration and fermentation

A

c.r.- 36 ATP

fer-2 ATP glucose

66
Q

which is more energy efficient- cellular respiration or fermentation

A

cellular respiration

67
Q

how many ATP are formed throughout the process of cellular respiration

A

36 atp

68
Q

during what parts of cellular respiration were they made

A

2 during glycolysis, 2 during citric acid cycle, 32 during ETC

69
Q

what is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic

A

aerobic- oxygen is required

anaerobic- oxygen is not required

70
Q

what happens to CO2 that is made during cellular respiration

A

diffused out of cells into blood and taken to lungs to be exhaled

71
Q

since not all of glucose energy is used to make atp what happens to the rest of the energy

A

the rest is lost as heat

72
Q

explain the condition in which fermentation occurs

A

process stops at end of glycolysis

73
Q

where does lactic acid fermentation occur

A

in body

74
Q

when does lactic acid fermentation occur

A

we make lactic acid in our muscles cells when theres not enough O2 to make more ATP

75
Q

lactic acid builds up in muscles

A

cramping

76
Q

when O2 is finally available

A

lactic acid is transported to liver and converted to continue on in the aerobic cellular respiration process

77
Q

turner syndrome

A

xo

78
Q

klinefelter syndrome

A

xxy

79
Q

triple x syndrome

A

xxx

80
Q

jacob syndrome

A

xyy

81
Q

example of prokaryotic cell

A

bacteria

82
Q

example of eukaryotic cell

A

all other organisms, including animals

83
Q

2 major components of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid

84
Q

the movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration to a region of lower concentration with the aid of a membrane protein

A

facilitated diffusion

85
Q

list the 2 means of transport that require a protein carrier

A

active and facilitated diffusion

86
Q

explain the relationship between the rough er, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes

A

rough er does protein synthesis-golgi receives protein filled vesicles from er-produces lysosomes and vesicles.

87
Q

set of interconnected, flattened membranous sacs

A

golgi complex

88
Q

cellular energy is in what form

A

ATP

89
Q

the purpose of cellular respiration

A

break down carbohydrates and sugars in order to use the energy stored in them (ATP) the energy currency of the cell—–make ATP

90
Q

purpose of fermentation

A

breakdown glucose without oxygen

91
Q

where does the carbohydrates and oxygen of cellular respiration come from

A

carbs from glucose

oxygen from body

92
Q

contains genetic info that is passed on from generation to generation

A

nucleus

93
Q

openings in the nuclear envelope

A

nuclear pores

94
Q

allow communication between nucleus and cytoplasm

A

nuclear pores

95
Q

region in nucleus where ribosomal RNA is produced

A

nucleolus

96
Q

where amino acids are assembled into proteins

A

ribosomes

97
Q

found in two forms:freely in cytoplasm or attached to rough er

A

ribosomes

98
Q

secretes substances out of cell through membrane

A

golgi complex

99
Q

made by rough er and processed in the golgi complex

A

lysosomes

100
Q

contains digestive enzymes

A

lysosomes

101
Q

digest ingested materials and destroy nonfunctional organelles

A

lysosomes

102
Q

converts carbs to atp through cellular respiration

A

mitochondria

103
Q

complex network of fibers within cytoplasm

A

cytoskeleton

104
Q

when does fermentation occur

A

when there is no oxygen and process stops at end of glycolysis

105
Q

nuclear division that results in identical body cells

A

mitosis

106
Q

nuclear division that creates gametes

A

meiosis

107
Q

cytoplasm division

A

cytokinesis

108
Q

used for diagnostic purposes to check for irregularities in number or structure of chromosomes

A

karyotypes

109
Q

type of nuclear division that reduces the chromosome number from diploid number to haploid number

A

meiosis

110
Q

meiosis I results in what

A

2 daughter cells each with one set of chromosomes

111
Q

exchange of genetic material between non sister chromatids

A

crossing over

112
Q

trisomy 21

A

down syndrome

113
Q

meiosis in male and results in 4 sperm

A

spermatogenesis

114
Q

meiosis in female and results in 1 egg and 3 nonfunctional polar bodies

A

oogensis

Biology 107 (7 decks)

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