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Biology 107 > chapter 4 5 6 7 > Flashcards

chapter 4 5 6 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List, in order, the list of how life is organized from cell to organ systems

A

cells
tissue
organs
organ system

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2
Q

group of cells of a similar type that work together to serve a common function

A

tissues

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3
Q

covers body surfaces, lines body cavities and organs, and forms glands

A

epithelial

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4
Q

covers skin

A

epithelial

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5
Q

provides body and its organs with protection and support serves as storage site for fat; plays role in immunity

A

connective tissue

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6
Q

two types of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper

specialized connective tissue

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7
Q

blood, bone, cartilage, adipose tissue

A

connective

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8
Q

responsible for body movement and movement of substances through the body

A

muscle

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9
Q

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

A

muscle tissue

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10
Q

conducts nerve impulses from one part of the body to another

A

nervous tissue

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11
Q

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

A

nervous tissue

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12
Q

Indicate the most abundant and widely distributed type of tissue

A

connective tissue

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13
Q

3 basic components of all connective tissues

A

ground substance, fibers, and cells

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14
Q

List the 2 categories of connective tissues

A

connective tissue proper

specialized connective tissue

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15
Q

example of connective tissue proper

A

loose CT, adipose CT, dense CT

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16
Q

example of specialized connective tissue

A

blood bone cartilage

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17
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal cardiac smooth

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18
Q

attached to bones

A

skeletal

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19
Q

in walls of hollow organs

A

smooth

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20
Q

only found in heart

A

cardiac

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21
Q

moves body

A

skeletal

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22
Q

responsible for pumping blood to the rest of the body

A

cardiac

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23
Q

propels substances or objects through internal passageways

A

smooth

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24
Q

voluntary

A

skeletal

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25
Q

involuntary

A

smooth and cardiac

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26
Q

location of the nervous tissue

A

brain spinal cord and nerves

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27
Q

List the 11 organ systems in the human body.

A 
integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory 
digestive 
urinary
reproductive
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28
Q

consists of skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

A

integumentary system

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29
Q

functions of integumentary system

A

protection
temperature regulation
produces vitamin D
contains senses

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30
Q

3 layers of skin

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

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31
Q

outermost layer

A

epidermis

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32
Q

forms a protective barrier against environmental hazards

A

epidermis

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33
Q

in the epidermis what is there a lot of

A

mitosis—–bottom layer of cells

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34
Q

much thicker than epidermis and is primarily connective tissue

A

dermis

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35
Q

contains blood vessels, hair follicles, oil glands, sweat glands, sensory structures, and nerve endings

A

dermis

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36
Q

below dermis

A

hypodermis

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37
Q

is mostly fat

A

hypodermis

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38
Q

Explain how part of the skin is dead yet we still make more.

A

bottom layer of cells—lots of mitosis

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39
Q

function of hypodermis

A

cushion, insulation

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40
Q

List and describe the 2 factors that produce skin color.

A

melanin and circulation

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41
Q

Describe the physiological function of tanning

A

increase production of melanin to radiation-protective

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42
Q

ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment

A

homeostasis

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43
Q

List the 2 organ systems that maintain homeostasis in the human body.

A

nervous and endocrine

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44
Q

Describe what happens when homeostasis fails.

A

illness or death. ex. diabetes

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45
Q

measures to reverse changes back to “normal”

A

negative feedback mechanisms

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46
Q

examples of negative feedback mechanisms

A

blood glucose, body temp, blood pH

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47
Q

List the 6 functions of bones.

A 
support
movement
protection
storage of minerals
storage of fat
blood cell formation
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48
Q

List some examples of bones used for protection.

A

skull, sternum, ribs

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49
Q

What minerals are stored in bones?

A

calcium and phosphorus

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50
Q

Where are blood cells formed?

A

in bone marrow

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51
Q

on outside of all bones and is dense

A

compact bone

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52
Q

in flat bones and ends of long bones

A

spongy bone

53
Q

filled with red bone marrow and where blood cells are made

A

spongy bone

54
Q

latticework of bony plates

A

spongy bone

55
Q

spongy bone is filled with this and it is where rbc are made

A

red bone marrow

56
Q

for fat storage

A

yellow bone marrow

57
Q

Explain why bone is a living tissue

A

has many cells-osteocytes and lots of blood vessels

58
Q

Describe how our bony skeleton develops.

A

first is cartilage-flexible and grows quickly. then is replaced with bone

59
Q

allows bone growth and is stimulated by growth hormone and sex hormones

A

growth plate

60
Q

what is the fate of growth plates

A

become bone and there is no more growth

61
Q

the process of continuously recycling and renewing

A

bone remodeling

62
Q

Describe what influences bone remodeling.

A

hormonal, exercise , and nutrition

63
Q

how many bones do we have

A

206

64
Q

80 bones

A

axial

65
Q

126 bones

A

appendicular

66
Q 
pectoral girdle (scapular-2 and clavicle-2)
upper limbs (60)
pelvic bone (2)
lower limbs (60)
A

appendicular

67
Q 
skull (22)
hyoid bone (1)
auditory ossicles (6)
vertebral column (26)
thoracic cage (25)
A

axial

68
Q

membranous areas between cranial bones in infantile skull

A

frontanels

69
Q

function of frontanels

A

compression of skull to pass through birth canal and skull to accommodate growing brain

70
Q

places where bones meet

A

joints

71
Q

three types of movement allowed in joints

A 
no movement (sutures)
slight movement (between vertebrae)
free movement (synovial joints)
72
Q

five functions of skeletal muscles

A 
movement
posture 
support internal organs
move blood and lymph 
generates heart
73
Q

how many skeletal muscles do we have

A

more than 600

74
Q

largest muscle

A

gluteous maximus

75
Q

longest

A

sartorius

76
Q

strongest

A

masseter, heart, soleus, gluteus maximus

77
Q

most flexible

A

tongue

78
Q

most active

A

eye muscle

79
Q

Indicate the function of the nervous system.

A

integrates and coordinates all the bodys varied activities

80
Q

what are the two types of specialized cells in the nervous system

A

neurons and neuroglial

81
Q

example of neurons

A

generate and transmit messages

82
Q

example of neuroglial

A

support and protect neurons

83
Q

list 3 categories of neurons

A

sensory
motor
interneurons

84
Q

conduct information toward brain and spinal cord

A

sensory neurons

85
Q

carry information away from brain and spinal cord to an effector

A

motor neurons

86
Q

integrate and interpret sensory signals

A

interneurons

87
Q

what are two possible effectors

A

muscles or glands

88
Q

most numerous of the neurons

A

interneurons

89
Q

3 main components of a neuron

A

cell body
axon
dendrites

90
Q

has normal organelles, nucleus, etc

A

cell body

91
Q

many short, branching projections; receive signals from other cells

A

dendrites

92
Q

single long extension; carries messages away from cell body to either another cell or to an effector

A

axon

93
Q

action potential

A

nerve impulse

94
Q

how does a nerve impulse occur

A

electrochemical signal causes from Na+ and K+ crossing the neurons membrane to go into and out of the cell

95
Q

chemicals that cause an impulse to move from cell to cell

A

neurotransmitter

96
Q

junction between a neuron and another cell

A

synapse

97
Q

4 neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine
serotonin
norepinephrine
dopamine

98
Q

triggers skeletal muscle contraction

A

acetylcholine

99
Q

promotes sense of well being

A

serotonin

100
Q

energizing good feeling

A

norepinephrine

101
Q

helps regulate emotions and control complex movement

A

dopamine

102
Q

List 3 different diseases that are caused by neurotransmitter imbalances

A

depression, parkinson disease, ADHD

103
Q

neurotransmitter than balances out depression

A

serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine (decrease)

104
Q

neurotransmitter than balances out parkinson disease

A

decrease dopamine

105
Q

neurotransmitter than balances out ADHD

A

decrease norepinephrine and dopamine

106
Q

Name the 2 major divisions of the nervous system

A

central and peripheral nervous system

107
Q

what is associated with central NS

A

brain and spinal cord

108
Q

what is associated with peripheral NS

A

nerves

109
Q

List the 2 major functional divisions of the PNS

A

somatic NS and autonomic NS

110
Q

directs voluntary movements

A

somatic NS

111
Q

regulates involuntary bodily activities

A

autonomic NS

112
Q

List the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

SYMPATHETIC-FIGHT OR FLIGHT

PARASYMPATHETIC- REST AND DIGEST

113
Q

List the 3 ways in which the CNS is protected.

A

bone, membranes, fluid cushion

114
Q

3 meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

115
Q

where is the cerebrospinal fluid located

A

between layers of meninges

116
Q

what are the functions of the cerebrospinal fluid

A

shock absorption
support
nourishment and waste removal

117
Q

serves as the bodys central command center, coordinating, and regulating the bodys other systems

A

brain

118
Q

6 major parts of the brain

A 
cerebrum
thalamus
hypothalamus
cerebellum
brain stem
limbic system
119
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain

120
Q

higher level of thinking, interpreting sensations, language, decision making, creativity, memory

A

cerebrum

121
Q

relays information to appropriate higher brain centers

A

thalamus

122
Q

controls heart rate, breathing rate, body temp, food intake, center for emotions

A

hypothalamus

123
Q

coordinate voluntary movement with input from joints, muscles, eyes and inner ears

A

cerebellum

124
Q

consists of medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

A

brain stem

125
Q

helps to produce emotions and memory

A

limbic system

126
Q

2 functions of the spinal cord

A

conduct messages between brain and body

serves as a reflex center

127
Q

automatic response to a stimulus

A

reflex

128
Q

how many spinal nerves are there

A

31

129
Q

how many cranial nerves are there

A

12

Biology 107 (7 decks)

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