Final Exam: Week 8 Musculoskeletal

Question 1

What is the most common type of joint disease among older adults and is one of the leading causes of disability?

Answer 1

Osteoarthritis

Question 2

What causes osteoarthritis?

Answer 2

Cause is UNKNOWN→ related to wear and tear on joints

Question 3

OA non-modifiable risk factors

Answer 3

Age and family history

Question 4

OA modifiable risk factors

Answer 4

Obesity, physical occupations, participation in contact sports

Question 5

Most common OA sites

Answer 5

Hip, knee, spine, big toe and thumb/finger joints

Question 6

How to manage OA?

Answer 6

• Address modifiable risk factors→ weight and activity
• Strength training→ greater muscular support of joints decreases reliance upon bony joints
• Medication→ anti-inflammatory
• Joint replacement

Question 7

When is joint replacement for OA necessary?

Answer 7

SEVERE disease

Question 8

Osteoporosis

Answer 8

Comprised bone density predisposing to risk of fragility fracture

Question 9

Common fracture sites with osteoporosis

Answer 9

Vertebrae, hip, and wrist

Question 10

After an osteoporosis fracture there is increased…

Answer 10

Mortality risk

Question 11

How to manage osteoporosis?

Answer 11

• Multicomponent exercise program→ resistance and balance training
• Consultation with PT→ precautions are being followed

Question 12

Most common type of amputation

Answer 12

Lower limb

Question 13

Greatest risk factor for amputation

Answer 13

Long-term diabetes

Question 14

Other risks for amputation

Answer 14

Peripheral vascular disease, trauma, and cancer

Question 15

Issues with prosthetics

Answer 15

Difficulties in many contexts, mainly psychosocial and bereavement

Question 16

How to manage amputations

Answer 16

• Team approach
• Goals→ pain management, return to function, psychosocial issues, psychotherapy
• Interventions→ exercise, pain management, functional interventions, psychotherapy

Question 17

Parkinson’s disease

Answer 17

Progressive, age-related neurodegenerative disease
Cause is unknown

Question 18

Parkinson’s disease is characterized by…

Answer 18

Voluntary and involuntary movement dysfunction and resting tremor/rigidity→ especially difficulty in initiating motion

Question 19

Nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson’s

Answer 19

• Pain
• Depression and anxiety
• Fatigue
• Memory impairment
• Sleep disturbances
• Autonomic dysfunction

Question 20

Management of Parkinson’s

Answer 20

• Pharmacological
• Rehabilitation (PT and OT)
• Assistive devices

Question 21

Definition of a fall

Answer 21

• Any unplanned decent
• Event that results in a person going to the ground or other lower level WITH or WITHOUT injury

Question 22

About ____ of adults will fall each year

Answer 22

1/3

Question 23

Costs of falling for older adults

Answer 23

Function, quality of life, cost of care

Question 24

Consequences of falls

Answer 24

• About 1/4 of falls result in injury
• Many people never fully recover to their prior x’al status
• Death

Question 25

Most common injuries resulting from falls

Answer 25

- Bruises, contusions, lacerations - Sprains - Fractures (pelvis, hip, UE, spine, skull, ankle)

Question 26

Risk factors for falls

Answer 26

- Intrinsic→ medical conditions - Extrinsic→ environment (slippery floor) Both of these factors can be changed with intervention

Question 27

Fear of falling

Answer 27

- May be present even if person has never fallen - Results in anxiety and self-restricting activity - May lead to deconditioning→ increase in fall risk

Question 28

Interventions for falls

Answer 28

Fall prevention education Exercise→ resistance and balance Functional intervention→ assistive devices, ADLs, gait and balance

Question 29

Interventions for fear of falling

Answer 29

- Improve balance and muscle strength - Eliminate environmental hazards - Education

Question 30

Goal of rehabilitation

Answer 30

To provide people with the tools they need to attain the highest possible level of independence

Question 31

Keys to successful rehab

Answer 31

- Broad perspective - Identification and management of→ medical, social, psychological problems, occupational performance - Understanding of difference between "normal aging" and pathological changes

Question 32

____% of those 70 and older have some sort of disability

Answer 32

20%

Question 33

____% of those 85 and older have some sort of disability

Answer 33

50%

Question 34

Most common causes of disability

Answer 34

- Chronic diseases - Injury - Mental impairments - Malnutrition - Communicable diseases (HIV/AIDS)

Question 35

Definition of loss

Answer 35

Irrevocable and can be any valued object (loved person, job, status, home, possession, health)

Question 36

Grief is our response to...

Answer 36

Loss, often includes the loss of the future as we expect it Can ve sudden, gradual, anticipated, temporary, or permanent

Question 37

Impact of trauma and illness

Answer 37

- Loss of sense of self - Loss of connectedness - Loss of power - Loss of valued roles

Question 38

How OTs help in processing loss

Answer 38

- Dialogue and relationship - Spend time talking about the grief - Focus on process rather than outcome - Process of life review - Being present

Question 39

Challenges for those with intellectual disease

Answer 39

- They may have had previous negative experiences with care providers. - Their parents may have been primary care providers and are now themselves aging or dead

Question 40

Issues for individuals with serious mental illness

Answer 40

- Shorter life expectancy - Physical issues overlooked or not treated

Question 41

Issues for individuals with long standing physical disabilities

Answer 41

- Musculoskeletal problems - Declining energy and strength - Osteoporosis - Stress - Higher pain levels