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OT 401: OP & Context for Older Adults > Final Exam: Week 5 Dementia > Flashcards

Final Exam: Week 5 Dementia Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive aging

A

A lifelong developmental process occurring from birth to death

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2
Q

Cognitive aging framework

A

Gains, declines and stability

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3
Q

Cognitive aging is impacted by…

A

Diet, exercise, health habits, and education

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4
Q

Other factors affecting cognition

A

Neurobiological influences and affective influences

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5
Q

Neurobiological influences

A

Related to biology, disease process, sensory systems, auditory/visual systems and will have direct affect on cognition, medication

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6
Q

Affective influences

A

Things that happen in our lives that may affect our cognition but not directly related to the pathophysiology: anxiety, fatigue, pain, depression

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7
Q

Sensory processes

A

Transmits stimuli from environmental to neural structures, auditory and visual processing declines with old age

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8
Q

Perception

A

Assign meaning to stimuli, older adults utilize situational context and experience to maintain perceptual abilities necessary to function

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9
Q

Sustained attention

A

Direct to a single task, no change comparing younger to older adults

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10
Q

Selective attention

A

Direct to a task while simultaneously using resources to ignore distracting information. Probably no change with age

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11
Q

Alternating attention

A

Switching between two or more tasks, older adults have more difficulty

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12
Q

Divided attention

A

Allocate attentional resources to two or more tasks at the same time, declines with age

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13
Q

T/F: Memory does not decline with age

A

False, memory has the MOST decline with age

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14
Q

Sensory memory

A

Stores incoming info for a very short time

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15
Q

Short-term memory

A

15-20 seconds stored without rehearsal

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16
Q

Working memory

A

Stores, maintains actively manipulates information

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17
Q

Long-term memory

A

Declarative: verbal based memory
Semantic: general world knowledge not linked to a specific learning episode

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18
Q

Procedural memory

A

Well preserved in later life, stores information for motor based skills and behaviors

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19
Q

Prospective memory

A

Remember future oriented or scheduled tasks without the use of external memory aids

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20
Q

Executive functioning

A
  • Reasoning, decision making, problem solving, judgement, abstract thought, and logic
  • Significant differences from younger to older
  • Differences seem to be greater as task complexity increases and as additional cognitive resources are needed
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21
Q

Problem solving

A

Older adults tend to use less efficient strategies, persist longer in using erroneous solution and produce more errors

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22
Q

Everyday cognition

A

Utilize cognitive processes in real world contexts, fewer age related differences

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23
Q

Language production and speech comprehension

A

Older adults OUTPERFORM younger in message production and discourse (storytelling)

24
Q

Wisdom

A

Do not know if this changes or remains the same with age

25
Q

Expertise

A

High level of skill/knowledge in one area- problem solving, reasoning, memory
- Maintains in later life and compensates for other deficits

26
Q

Implicit processing

A

Unintentional, occurs without awareness, requires minimal cognitive resources, minimal change young to old

27
Q

Explicit processing

A

Intentional, occurs with awareness, effortful- requires moderate to substantial cognitive resources, some age related decline

28
Q

Intellectual abilities

A

Fluid intelligence- ability to use abstract reasoning, decline begins around age 70
Crystalized intelligence- accumulation of knowledge, experience, increase throughout life and maintains in old age

29
Q

Optimizing cognition in later life

A

Physical activity, mentally stimulating activities, social engagement

30
Q

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

A

The changes in memory and other areas of cognitive function that may be seen in healthy older adults

31
Q

Impact of MCI on daily activities

A

Not a strong impact, still can complete ADLs and IADLs

32
Q

Impact of MCI on leisure activities

A

Does not impact- however engagement in leisure has been found to have positive impact on cognition

33
Q

Most common form of dementia

A

Alzheimer’s dementia
5.2 million living with AD

34
Q

What is dementia?

A
  • Can’t meet everyday demands of life
  • Affects cognition, behavior, and occupational performance
  • Irreversible condition
  • Memory loss not always first sign
  • An acquired, persistent impairment in multiple areas of functioning not due to delirium
35
Q

Impact dementia has on behavior and occupational performance

A
  • Deterioration in day to day functioning
  • Ability to engage in meaningful occupation
  • Safety concerns
36
Q

Impact dementia has on family

A
  • Increased stress on informal caregivers
  • Financial situations
37
Q

Delirium

A

Alteration of mental status characterized by an inability to appreciate and respond normally to the environment

38
Q

Difference between delirium and dementia

A

Delirium is often reversible, viewed as a medical problem that can be diagnosed and treated

39
Q

Causes of delirium

A
  • Thyroid disorders
  • Urinary Tract Infection (UTIs)
  • Electrolyte imbalances
  • Hormonal imbalances
  • Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH)
  • Tumors
  • Stroke
  • Intoxication
  • Withdrawal from substances
  • Depression
  • Systemic Illness (kidney, cardiac)
  • Other infections
  • End stage liver disease
40
Q

____% of dementias are due to delirium, other ____% are other types

A

13%, 87%

41
Q

Other types of dementia

A
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • Vascular Dementia
  • Frontal-temporal Dementia
  • Lewy-body Dementia
  • Korsakoff’s syndrome
  • Huntington’s disease
  • AIDS related
  • Parkinson’s with Dementia
  • Multiple Sclerosis
41
Q

Other types of dementia

A
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • Vascular Dementia
  • Frontal-temporal Dementia
  • Lewy-body Dementia
  • Korsakoff’s syndrome
  • Huntington’s disease
  • AIDS related
  • Parkinson’s with Dementia
  • Multiple Sclerosis
42
Q

Cause of vascular dementia (VaD)

A
  • Result of cerebral vascular damage
  • Single brain infarct or multiple lesions
  • Changes to white matter
43
Q

Subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD)

A

Numerous discrete subcortical lesions

44
Q

Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI)

A
  • Changes that occur due to vascular lesions (cognitive)
  • Can be treated, doesn’t always turn into VaD
  • Recognition of VCI may allow for early diagnosis/intervention
45
Q

Hallmark of VCI and VaD

A

Dysexecutive syndrome- problems with attention, working memory, planning, sequencing, abstraction

46
Q

Who is at risk for VCI or VaD?

A

Advanced age, male, history of stroke, hypertension

47
Q

Cause of dementia with Lewy bodies

A
  • Presence of lewy bodies→ damaged nerve cells, amyloid and plaque formation similar to AD
  • Hallmark → round neurofilament inclusion bodies that contain damaged nerve cell deposits
48
Q

Core features of DLB

A
  • Hallucinations
  • Parkinsonian symptoms
  • Cognitive fluctuations
    COG BEFORE MOTOR
49
Q

Age onset of frontotemporal dementia

A

57 years, insidious onset with slow progression

50
Q

Symptoms of FTD

A
  • Changes in personality→ casual but prominent
  • Behavioral disturbances and changes in social interaction
  • Failure to demonstrate basic emotions
  • Difficulty regulating behaviors
51
Q

Parkinson’s disease with dementia

A

Typically develops slowly… cog skills diminish first
Other than TIME SEQUENCE of symptoms there are no distinguishing factors between PDD and DLB

52
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • Most common form
  • Intellectual impairment/behavior and personality
  • Irreversible and progressive
  • Advancing age is risk factor
  • Diagnosed when individuals demonstrate onset of hallmark feature impaired memory as well as deficits in one other cognitive domain
53
Q

Pathology of Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • Brain shrinks over time
54
Q

Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease

A

Must demonstrate a decline in three or more of the following:
- Memory
- Language
- Perception (especially visuospatial)
- Praxis
- Calculations
- Conceptual or Semantic Knowledge
- Executive Functions
- Personality or social behavior
- Emotional awareness or expression

55
Q

T/F Most of the AD population is female

A

True

56
Q

Dementia risk factors

A
  • Increasing age
  • Female
  • Black
  • Having family history of dementia
  • Serious head injury with loss of consciousness
  • Genetic factors

OT 401: OP & Context for Older Adults (12 decks)

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