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N473 > Final exam - Week 2b > Flashcards

Final exam - Week 2b Flashcards

1
Q

What is those aspects of human health, including quality of life, that are determined by physical, chemical, biological, social, and psychological processes in the environment?

A

environmental health

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2
Q

What does environment health also refer to?

A

the theory and practice of assessing, correcting, controlling, and preventing those factors in the environment that can potentially adversely affect the health of the present and future generations

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3
Q

what is the introduction of harmful substances into the environment making it not safe or suitable to use?

A

pollution

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4
Q

pollutants can be what 2 things?

A
  1. non degradable

2. biodegradable

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5
Q

What is pollution the result of?

A

population growth

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6
Q

what do demographic changes alter?

A

stress inflicted on the environment

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7
Q

as population grows, what increases?

A

stress

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8
Q

What happen when a population moves?

A

the nature and intensity of environmental problems shift

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9
Q

What are the 5 major pollutant mechanisms?

A
  1. transport
  2. transformation
  3. bioaccumulation
  4. biomagnification
  5. synergism
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10
Q

what is the theory and practice of assessing, correcting, controlling, and preventing those factors in the environment that can potentially adversely affect the health of the present and future generations?

A

transport

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11
Q

What is an example of transport?

A

Motor vehicle exhaust is transported from tailpipes , into the air and finally into human lungs

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12
Q

What is when harmful pollutants becomes harmless or helpful/harmless substance become harmful?

A

transformation

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13
Q

what is an example of transformation?

A

Triclosan- a biocide used in soaps (frequently used as a sterilant in hospitals) can be broken down into dioxin when heated or exposed to sunlight. Dioxin is a potent carcinogen and an estrogen mimicker ().

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14
Q

what is when build up of a toxic substance in an organism over time?

A

bioaccumulation

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15
Q

What is an example of bioaccumulation?

A

Many of the chemicals that health care workers are exposed to may be at very low levels in the environment. But over time and with constant exposure, health care workers can accumulate higher harmful levels in their bodies.

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16
Q

What is when pollutants increase in concentration as they are taken in and passed up through the food web?

A

biomagnification

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17
Q

what is when the effect of a combination of pollutants that is greater than the effect of one of the components alone?

A

synergism

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18
Q

what is the study of the interactions among organisms and their environments?

A

ecology

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19
Q

What are the 4 ecologic principles?

A
  1. Law of gravity
  2. Everything is connected to everything else, but some things are connected more tightly than others
  3. Everything has to go somewhere
  4. Everything is constantly changing
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20
Q

What is one of the most significant environment risks to health?

A

lead and other heavy metals

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21
Q

What are sources of lead?

A
  1. older homes and buildings (built before 1978 when lead paint was banned)
  2. soil (yards and playgrounds; naturally occurring or from lead paint)
  3. dust (especially during renovations of older homes)
  4. home products (toys, furniture, cosmetics, food and liquid container and plumbing products)
  5. drinking water
  6. jobs and hobbies and folk remedies
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22
Q

Who is most susceptible to the effects of lead?

A

Children six years old and younger

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23
Q

Even in low levels, what can lead cause?

A
  1. low levels of lead can produce behavior and learning problems
  2. lower IQ and hyperactivity
  3. slowed growth
  4. hearing problems
  5. anemia.
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24
Q

What can lead cause in pregnant women?

A
  1. can cause effects on the developing fetus including reduced growth and premature birth.
  2. Lead can be transmitted through breast milk.
  3. Lead is also a cause of cardiovascular, kidney and reproductive health problems.
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25
Q

What can mercury cause?

A

impaired neurological development

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26
Q

What is the largest human-caused source of mercury emissions?

A

mercury

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27
Q

How does mercury cause problems?

A

Mercury in the air settles in the water and contaminates fish and animals who eat fish (bioaccumulation and biomagnification).

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28
Q

What is the largest source of mercury poisoning for humans?

A

Consuming fish and shellfish

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29
Q

For fetuses, infants, and children, what is the primary health effect of mercury?

A

impaired neurological development

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30
Q

What is the number one environmental cause of cancer?

A

radon

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31
Q

What is the #2 leading cause of lung cancer?

A

radon

32
Q

Where is radon found?

A

It is found in the earth (soil and rock) and some natural building materials such as granite.

33
Q

What are high concentrations of indoor radon associated with?

A

tightly sealed buildings and/or those with inadequately sealed ground levels allowing leaking of the gas up from the soil.

34
Q

What is radon a primary source of?

A

ionizing radiation and a significant contaminant of indoor air quality.

35
Q

What are problems related to noise pollution?

A
  1. stress related illnesses
  2. high blood pressure
  3. speech interference
  4. hearing loss
  5. sleep disruption
  6. lost productivity.
36
Q

what can biological hazards be?

A

insects, animals, plants and infectious agents

37
Q

What are pollutants?

A 
Animal dander
Dust mites
Cockroach parts
Fungi/mold
Bacteria
Viruses
38
Q

What are sources of biological hazards?

A 
Septic tanks & untreated sewage
Rainwater flow
Medical waste
Improperly cleaned A/C, heating units & humidifiers
Unvented appliances and rooms
Water damage
Infectious human and animal hosts
39
Q

what are chemical hazards?

A
  1. pesticides
  2. air pollution
  3. water pollution
40
Q

What are 2 sources of indoor air pollution?

A
  1. Second hand smoke

2. Radon (already discussed)

41
Q

What is 1 source of outdoor air pollution?

A

ground-level ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM2.5)

42
Q

What is a source of water pollution?

A

Pharmaceutical pollution

43
Q

Hazards to health polluting indoor air include what?

A
  1. carbon monoxide (colorless odorless gas produced anytime a fossil fuel is burned),
  2. mold (major asthma trigger)
  3. smoke and asbestos
44
Q

Ozone is the main component in what?

A

smog

45
Q

When does ground level ozone form?

A

Ground-level ozone forms when pollutants from cars and trucks, power plants, factories, and other sources come in contact with each other in heat and sunlight

46
Q

What can breathing ozone trigger?

A
  1. can trigger a variety of health problems including chest pain, coughing, throat irritation and congestion
  2. It can worsen bronchitis, emphysema and asthma.
  3. It can also reduce lung function and inflame the linings of the lungs. Repeated exposure may permanently scar lung tissue
47
Q

What are 2 air toxins that contribute most to the overall cancer risks nationwide?

A

Benzene and formaldehyde

48
Q

What are 3 climate-related processes?

A
  1. Deforestation
  2. Desertification
  3. Climate change
49
Q

What happens with climate change?

A
  1. greenhouse effect

2. depletion of ozone layer

50
Q

What does the atmospheric ozone layer shield the Earth from?

A

harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation

51
Q

What does ozone depletion, as well as seasonal and weather variations cause?

A

different amounts of UV radiation to reach the Earth at any given time.

52
Q

The UV radiation that reaches the Eather is measured by what?

A

UV level index

53
Q

What does the UV index predict?

A

predicts the UV levels on a 1-11+ scale, helping people determine appropriate sun-protective behaviors.

54
Q

What are 11 climate-health impacts?

A 
Extreme Storm Events
Health Waves
Air Pollution
Pollens and Allergy
Water-borne diseases
Food-borne Diseases
Vector-Borne Diseases
Ecosystem Impacts
Food and Water Supply Insecurity
Mental Health Impacts
Environmental Refugees
55
Q

What are vulnerability factors for climate health impacts?

A
  1. individual susceptibilities like underlying medical conditions and limited mobility
  2. Demographics like Age (children and 65+)
    and the economically disadvantaged.
  3. Housing like floor of building, building materials, air conditioning
  4. Geography like coastal areas: Sea Levels rise; storm surges and urban areas
56
Q

On average in the US, extreme heat causes more what?

A

weather-related fatalities than any other event, including hurricanes and floods.

57
Q

Who as most at risk for extreme heat events?

A
  1. people living in poverty
  2. with a chronic disease
  3. older adults and young children
58
Q

true or false; Extreme heat events are also one of the most preventable causes of death nationwide.

A

true

59
Q

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects what?

A

climate change will cause more frequent, more intense, and longer heat waves.

60
Q

The CDC tracks the impact of heat on human health with what 3 indicators?

A
  1. Heat related emergency department visits
  2. heat-related hospitalizations
  3. heat-related deaths.
61
Q

What are personal risk factors for heat?

A

Age (older adults and children under 4 are at greater risk)
Pre-existing medical conditions including excess weight
Medications
Poverty (ability to afford A/C; transportation; adequate shelter from the heat)
Acclimation to being in the heat
Amount of water, alcohol and caffeine consumed
Access to health care for heat-related illnesses

62
Q

What is expected to increase with higher CO2 and warmer temperatures?

A

Both ragweed pollen and ozone air pollution

63
Q

What 4 things has climate change

A
  1. Longer allergy season
  2. Worsening of allergy and asthma symptoms
  3. Synergistic with ozone pollution
  4. Ozone and Ragweed
64
Q

When an activity raises threats of harm to the environment or human health, what should be taken?

A

precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause and effect relationships are not fully established scientifically

65
Q

What is the precautionary principle based on?

A

Based on ethical principles of non-maleficence, social justice & common sense principle of “better safe than sorry”

66
Q

What is the precautionary principle used to guide?

A

environmental health policy

67
Q

How can a nurse use health teaching to promote environmental health in the community?

A

Reduce/eliminate environmental hazards and protective measures for self care

68
Q

How can a nurse use social marketing to promote environmental health in the community?

A

Market community level strategies on how to promote the environment’s health.

69
Q

How can a nurse use outreach to promote environmental health in the community?

A

to identify at-risk community members who cannot protect themselves/help develop plans to protect them

70
Q

How can a nurse use health teaching to promote environmental health in the community?

A

advocate for environmental health protecting human health through lobbying, community organizing, & coalition building

71
Q

How can a nurse use surveillance to promote environmental health in the community?

A

Surveillance for signs of hazardous environmental conditions (during community assessment)

72
Q

How can a nurse use screening to promote environmental health in the community?

A

Screening for signs of illness related to environmental hazards in the community

73
Q

How can a nurse use collaborate to promote environmental health in the community?

A

Collaborate with communities to help them manage the long-term effects of exposure to environmental hazards

74
Q

How can a nurse use case manage, referral and follow-up to promote environmental health in the community?

A

for individuals with chronic disease to help them avoid environmental triggers and manage associated symptoms.

75
Q

How can a nurse use investigation to promote environmental health in the community?

A

Investigate diseases and health events caused by environmental conditions

76
Q

How can a nurse use Policy Development and enforcement to promote environmental health in the community?

A

Policy Development and enforcement based on existing evidence, the precautionary principle and best practice standards

77
Q

How can a nurse use delegating functions to promote environmental health in the community?

A

Delegated functions: Provide routine immunizations against diseases caused by biologic agents; provide treatment for individuals with health problems caused by environmental hazards.

N473 (16 decks)

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