Exam 2 - Week 3 Flashcards
What are standards that allow all people to live with dignity, freedom, equality, justice, and peace?
human rights
Who are human rights guaranteed to?
to everyone because they are human
what are human rights part of?
international law
What is part of international public policy?
universal declaration of human rights
true or false: universal declaration of human rights is drafted by reps only within the US
false; all over the world
What does the Universal Delcaration of Human Rights protect?
protection for all people, all nations
What 4 organizations protect the fact that health care as a human right?
- world health organization
- the United Nations
- American Nurses Association: Ethics and Human Rights Statement
- International Council of Nurses
What does AAAQ stand for?
Availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality
What should we have AAAQ with?
- underlying determinants - water, sanitation, food, nutrition, housing, healthy occupational and environmental conditions, education, information
- health care
What are human rights given by a government to their citizens by laws and/or a constitution?
civil rights
true or false: civil rights can vary from country to country based on politics, social, cultural, religious, and traditional values.
true
Many of the universal human rights are implicitly or explicitly addressed in what? making them what?
a. the US Constitution or federal/state law
b. making them also civil rights in the US.
Who is at risk for human/civil rights violations?
- Minority populations: Racial, ethnic, gender, religious and sexual identity/orientation
- Older adults dependent on others for care
- -> Especially those with dementia
- Those incarcerated
- Immigrants (the poor, the undocumented and refugees)
- People experiencing homelessness
- People with mental, intellectual and physical disabilities
- Prisoners of war
- Non-combatants in areas of armed conflict
- Children
What are examples of human/civil rights violations in US?
- Elder abuse
- Domestic violence
- Sexual assault
- Child abuse
- Female genital mutilation
- Human trafficking
- -> Sex industry
- -> Forced labor
- Discrimination
What is the action of unfairly treating a person or group of people differently from other people or groups of people?
discrimination in health care
What is discrimination in health care frequently but not limited to?
race, age, gender (and gender identity), language, religion, weight, sexual orientation, disabilities, and county of birth
What is discrimination in health care a significant contributor to?
health disparities
What protects some groups?
Health Care Rights Law
What do most organizations’ Patient Bill of Rights explicitly protect patients from?
discrimination
What are negative beliefs, thoughts, feelings, or attitudes about an individual or group based on flawed assumptions about the group?
prejudice
What is prejudice (beliefs and attitudes) and/or discrimination (action) based on race?
racism
What is racism based on?
a personal attitude of the superiority of one’s race or ethnicity over another
How do people act when they are racist?
Hostility or negative feelings about an individual or group based on race or ethnicity
What is oppression and privilege ingrained in an institution through its policies and practices?
systemic racism
What is the etiology of discrimination?
Stereotyping-assigning oversimplified ideas about a group
What is discrimination in reference to bias?
Implicit bias-unconscious negative attitudes about a group or individual based on membership in that group
What is an example of discrimination?
Making prejudicial/racist comments or jokes is not a thought or attitude
What are examples of complex US ethical issues in the community?
- Racial profiling
- Family separation at US Mexico Border
- Immigration (legal and illegal)
- Birth control and abortion
- Assisted suicide/euthanasia
- Capital punishment
- Mental illness in correctional settings
- Force-feeding and solitary confinement in correctional settings
- Torture used as an interrogation method
- Recruiting/hiring nurses from poor countries with health care worker shortages
- Restrictions during disasters (mandatory evacuations, quarantines).
- Child labor
What is the law that is a set of international rules (by treaty or custom), which all people can expect/claim; should be respected and protected by their governments. Applied at all times?
human rights law
What is national and/or state laws protecting citizens’ human rights, specifically against discrimination. Applied at all times and to all people in the jurisdiction. But may vary significantly by jurisdiction?
civil rights law
What are a set of human rights laws, also by treaty or custom, specifically defining rights ONLY during war and armed conflict?
International Humanitarian Law (IHL)
When is the international humanitarian law applied?
ONLY during armed conflict
When does the international humanitarian law not apply?
Does not apply during civil unrest, state repression, or governments use of force against a group the y consider illegal.
What does the international humanitarian law include?
civil war
What does international humanitarian law explicitly protect?
- Civilians, POWs, sick/wounded solders, health care workers/facilities, chaplains**.
- As with HRL, numerous violations exist globally
What is the source of international humanitarian law?
Geneva Conventions (international treaties) and customary law
What are violations of International Humanitarian Law?
war crimes
What is when USPHS infected and then treated prison inmates, mentally ill patients and soldiers?
Guatemalan Syphilis Experiment
What are 3 human subjects protections?
- Informed consent
- Ongoing assessment of risk versus benefit
- Institutional Review Boards
What are PHN Strategies to promote Human Rights?
- Developing and strengthening our moral imagination
- Rights-based care
- The (Minnesota) Wheel Of Public Health Interventions
- Social justice
- The human-needs framework (see your textbook)
What are empathy and compassion toward people who are personally unknown or different?
moral imagination
What is required to avoid violations of human rights?
moral imagination
When is moral imagination especially challenging?
Especially challenging when others are ethnically and culturally different
What does “Us versus Them” philosophy limit?
limits our ability to truly empathize with those of significant ethnic and cultural differences
What does rights-based care ensure?
ensures that human rights principles guide the care provided to patients, communities and populations
What does RBC include?
actions and activities that contribute directly to the realization of one or several human rights.
What are some examples of rights-based care?
- Using human rights to guide the development of programs including all phases of planning, setting goals and objectives, implementation and evaluation.
- Include community members in program planning
- Program evaluation: Were there any violations of human rights?
What are the interventions involved in rights-based care from the intervention wheel?
Advocacy Policy Development and Enforcement Outreach Screening Counseling Health Teaching Referral and follow-up Case management
What Addresses the inequities in Social Determinants of Health?
social justice
Benefits and burdens should be what in society?
should be distributed fairly among members of a society
What is social justice based on?
Based on belief that all people in a society should have the same rights, benefits and opportunities
What has the ANA defined social justice as?
Just Provision of Care
What does social justice conflict with?
market justice
What is social justice key to?
eliminating health disparities among vulnerable populations!
What does social justice include?
includes human rights, but is also broader and goes farther
Which population is explicitly protected by International Humanitarian Law?
A. All people
B. Civilians in areas of armed conflict
C. Health care workers working in a poor country
D. Civilians living in areas of civil unrest
E. Soldiers fighting in an armed conflict
B
Which public policy provides for civil rights in the US? A. The Declaration of Human Rights B. The Geneva Conventions C. The United Nations D. The US Constitution E. An individual’s birth right
D. The US Constitution. There are also Federal laws enacted by US Congress which further define and protect the civil rights of US
Eunice Rivers, a nurse with the United States Public Health Service, played which key role in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
A. the whistleblower who alerted the media about the project
B. the liaison between the study subjects and the government researchers
C. the nurse who wrote the first draft of the American Nurses Association’s Code of Ethics
D. the nurse who injected the study participants with treponema pallidum (the bacterium causing syphilis)
B
When does discrimination exist?
exists when a person is treated unfavorably or unjustly according to a particular characteristic such as race, age, gender, or religion
What are attitudes and beliefs about personal characteristics in the forms of bias, prejudice, and stereotyping may influence behavior, but the actual act of discrimination?
intentional or blatant discrimination
When does intentional discrimination occur?
occurs when an individual or group acts upon those attitudes and beliefs
What are micro aggressions that are unconscious behaviors considered to be rude, demeaning, or damaging to the individual or group?
unintentional discrimination
How can the effects of perceived discrimination affect the outcomes of health care?
- Feel they are not receiving optimal care
- may delay treatment
- have difficulty adhering to treatment plans
- may experience internalized racism, creating ongoing stressors that further affect health status.
