Final Exam Study Guide

Question 1

the difference between the diastolic and systolic bp

Answer 1

pulse pressure

Question 2

Nociceptive Pain

Answer 2

arises from somatic structures (bones, joints, muscles) or caused by the activation of pain receptors in the visceral organs

Question 3

Neuropathic Pain

Answer 3

caused by damaged nerves

occurs because of abnormal processing of sensory input by the central or peripheral nervous system (nerve pain)

numbness, tingling, burning sensation

Question 4

Cyanosis in dark skin patients

Answer 4

ashen-gray color in conjunctiva, oral mucous membranes, and nail beds

Question 5

Jaundice in dark skin patients

Answer 5

yellowish-green color in sclera, palms of hands, and soles of feet

Question 6

Erythema in dark skin patients

Answer 6

deeper brown or purple skin tone with increased skin temperature

Question 7

Petechiae in dark skin patients

Answer 7

in buccal mucosa or sclera

Question 8

Rash in dark skin patients

Answer 8

not easily seen, felt with light palpation

Question 9

Signs of Melanoma

Answer 9

Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color variegation
Diameter greater than 6 mm
Evolution of lesion over time
Feeling (itching, tingling, or stinging)

Question 10

Ecchymosis

Answer 10

bruise

Question 11

lesions appear as small, reddish-purple pinpoints

Answer 11

petechiae

Question 12

flat, circumscribed area that is a change in the color of the skin; less than 1 cm in diameter (freckle)

Answer 12

macule

Question 13

elevated, firm, circumscribed area less than 1 cm in diameter (mole)

Answer 13

papule

Question 14

a flat, nonpalpable, irregular-shaped macule more than 1 cm in diameter

Answer 14

patch

Question 15

elevated, firm, and rough lesion with flat top surface greater than 1 cm in diameter

Answer 15

plaque

Question 16

elevated, irregular-shaped area of cutaneous edema; solid, transient; variable diameter

Answer 16

wheal

Question 17

elevated, firm circumscribed lesion; deeper in dermis than a papule; 1 to 2 cm in diameter

Answer 17

nodule

Question 18

elevated and solid lesion; may or may not be clearly demarcated; deeper in dermis; greater than 2 cm in diameter

Answer 18

tumor

Question 19

elevated, circumscribed, superficial, not into dermis; filled with serous fluid, less than 1 cm in diameter

Answer 19

vesicle

Question 20

vesicle greater than 1 cm in diameter (blister)

Answer 20

bulla

Question 21

elevated, superficial lesion; similar to a vesicle but filled with purulent fluid

Answer 21

pustule

Question 22

elevated, circumscribed, encapsulated lesion; in dermis or subcutaneous layer; filled with liquid or semisolid material

Answer 22

cyst

Question 23

Neurotransmitters that affect mental health (6)

Answer 23

norepinephrine
serotonin
dopamine
histamine
acetylcholine
GABA

Question 24

S&S of Depression

Answer 24

feelings of helplessness and hopelessness and recurrent suicidal thoughts

altered appetite, sleep problems, constipation, headache, and fatigue

Question 25

S&S of Bipolar Disorder

Answer 25

episodes of mania, depression, or mixed moods

Question 26

S&S of Schizophrenia

Answer 26

flat, blunted, or bizarre emotions disorganized thinking jumbled or illogical speech impaired reasoning autistic thinking: delusions and hallucinations severe ambivalence

Question 27

S&S of Anxiety

Answer 27

feeling of uneasiness or discomfort from mild anxiety to panic

Question 28

Delirium vs Dementia

Answer 28

Delirium: acute, rapidly developing change in cognition Dementia: chronic, memory impairment

Question 29

unilateral headache, lasts several hours to several days, throbbing pain, all people can get them but women > men, other symptoms nausea, vomiting, dizzy, aura, photosensitivity

Answer 29

migraine

Question 30

unilateral headache (eye, temple, etc), lasts 30-60 minutes multiple times/day, stabbing/burning pain, adolescent to YA usually experience them (men > women)

Answer 30

cluster

Question 31

back or front of head, several days, vice-like pressure, 20-40 years old (either sex), muscle tension

Answer 31

tension

Question 32

frontal/maxillary, until drainage, pressure pain, everyone has them, eye sensitivity

Answer 32

sinus

Question 33

entire head, several days, dull to painful ache, athletes/MVA, symptoms of nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, photophobia, dizzy, decreased concentration, giddiness

Answer 33

post-traumatic

Question 34

< 5 bowel sounds

Answer 34

hypoactive

Question 35

> 30 bowel sounds

Answer 35

hyperactive

Question 36

S3 Sounds

Answer 36

fluid volume overload "slosh-ing in"

Question 37

S4 Sounds

Answer 37

"stiff" ventricle (prolonged hypertension) "a-stiff one"

Question 38

S&S of Left Ventricular Heart Failure

Answer 38

pulmonary edema, shortness of breath, and "crackles" and possibly S3 sounds

Question 39

S&S of Right Ventricular Heart Failure

Answer 39

dependent peripheral edema and weight gain and possibly S3 heart sounds

Question 40

Arterial Insufficiency S&S

Answer 40

coldness, pallor, hair loss, sores (smooth borders) intermittent claudication (leg pain w/ walking)

Question 41

Venous Insufficiency S&S

Answer 41

lower leg edema, warmth, darkened skin color, thickened skin, sores (irregular borders)

Question 42

Lub sound

Answer 42

S1 systolic tricuspid/mitral closure - ventricles contract

Question 43

Dub sound

Answer 43

S2 diastolic aortic/pulmonic closure - ventricles relax

Question 44

Cranial Nerve 1

Answer 44

Olfactory ask about smell

Question 45

Cranial Nerve 2

Answer 45

Optic snellen chart, peripheral vision

Question 46

Cranial Nerve 3

Answer 46

Oculomotor PERRLA

Question 47

Cranial Nerve 4

Answer 47

Trochlear move eyes toward nose

Question 48

Cranial Nerve 5

Answer 48

Trigeminal forehead, cheek, chin

Question 49

Cranial Nerve 6

Answer 49

Abducens six cardinal fields

Question 50

Cranial Nerve 7

Answer 50

Facial facial symmetry

Question 51

Cranial Nerve 8

Answer 51

Acoustic finger rub test

Question 52

Cranial Nerve 9

Answer 52

Glossopharyngeal throat and pharynx

Question 53

Cranial Nerve 10

Answer 53

Vagus ability to swallow (uvula midline)

Question 54

Cranial Nerve 11

Answer 54

Spinal Accessory neck and shoulder movement

Question 55

Cranial Nerve 12

Answer 55

Hypoglossal stick out tongue and move side to side

Question 56

Glasgow Coma Scale Scores

Answer 56

15 is best 3 is worst

Question 57

Grading of Deep Tendon Reflexes

Answer 57

normal = 2+

Question 58

Assessment of Level of Consciousness

Answer 58

A&O x4 (person, place, time, situation)

Question 59

Most sensitive indicator of altered cerebral function

Answer 59

change in level of consciousness

Question 60

S&S/Risk Factors for Stroke

Answer 60

sudden unilateral numbness or weakness of face, arm, or leg trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance sudden, severe headache with no known cause may be sudden confusion, dysphagia, aphasia, or partial loss of vision hemorrhagic strokes can be caused by hypertension or a cerebral aneurysm

Question 61

Osteoporosis - risk factors

Answer 61

slender, female, caucasian, alcohol users, smokers, and steriod users are at highest risk

Question 62

form of arthritis in which one or many of the joints undergo destruction of cartilage

Answer 62

Osteoarthritis

Question 63

chronic, systemic autoimmune disease involving inflammation and degeneration of joints

Answer 63

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Question 64

Signs of Elder Abuse (6)

Answer 64

injuries such as bruises, cuts, or broken bones malnourishment or weight loss poor hygiene symptoms of anxiety, depression, or confusion unexplained transactions or loss of money withdrawal from family members or friends

Question 65

Expected respiratory function in elders

Answer 65

diminished strength of respiratory muscles results in diminished breath sounds in bases dyspnea on exertion becomes more frequent

Question 66

Expected heart sounds in elders

Answer 66

normal but S4 heart sounds can be heard