Ch 15 Flashcards by Allison Wessel

Cranial Nerves

CN I - olfactory
CN II - optic
CN III - oculomotor
CN IV - trochlear
CN V - trigeminal
CN VI - abducens
CN VII - facial
CN VIII - acoustic
CN IX - glossopharyngeal
CN X - vagus
CN XI - spinal accessory
CN XII - hypoglossal

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Spinal Nerves

31 pairs, emerge from different segments of spinal cord

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Reflex Arc

accessed by observing muscle movement in response to stimuli

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Broca’s Area

formation of words (left frontal lobe)

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Wernicke’s Area

comprehension of spoken and written word (left parietal lobe)

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Motor Cortex

contained in frontal lobes

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Somesthetic (sensory) Cortex

contained in parietal lobes

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Dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

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Dysphasia

difficulty communicating

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Aphasia

absent language function

receptive - inability to comprehend speech of others and self

expressive - inability to communicate or translate ideas into meaningful speech or writing

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Stereognosis

ability to recognize objects by touch

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Graphesthesia

ability to recognize symbols, numbers, or letters traced on skin

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Babinski Reflex

plantar reflex

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Aura

involves sensations before something happens (ex: seizures)

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Stroke signs and symptoms

paralysis in arm/leg
unilateral numbness or weakness of face/arm/leg
trouble walking
dizziness
loss of balance or coordination
sudden confusion
dysphagia
dysphagia/aphasia
partial loss of vision

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Stroke risk factors

age
gender
family history
race
tobacco use
alcohol
unhealthy diet
physical inactivity
high BP
high blood cholesterol
diabetes
obesity
previous CVAs
heart disease
sickle cell disease

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Frontal Lobe function

decision-making
problem-solving
ability to concentrate
short term memory

emotions, affect, drive, awareness of self and autonomic responses related to emotions

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Temporal Lobe function

perception and interpretation of sounds

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Cerebellum function

balance
coordination
equilibrium
muscle tone

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Parietal Lobe function

receives and processes sensory input

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Occipital Area function

interprets visual images

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Medulla Oblongata function

reflex centers for controlling involuntary functions such as:
breathing
sneezing
swallowing
coughing
vomiting
vasoconstriction

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If you have a lesion on the right side of your frontal/parietal lobe, what side will you experience the abnormalities?

left side (they cross in the medulla)

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Proprioception

body awareness of position

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Levels of Spinal Nerves

Breakfast at Eight - cervical 8 Lunch at Twelve - Thoracic 12 Dinner at Five - Lumbar, Sacral 5 each last is at coccygeal area

What is the purpose of a dermatome?

to help see where spinal nerves affect in the body

Where does the initial response from stimuli come from?

spine, brain can override the response after

Reflex Arc Scale

0 - no response 1+ - less than normal response 2+ - normal reflex reaction 3+ - slightly more than normal response 4+ - clonus (hyperreactive)

Positive Results of Babinski Tests Based on Age

4 and up: curl toes 4 and under: flail/spread toes

What does alcohol do to your pain tolerance?

increase it

What can recreational drugs do to your nervous system?

slow down or speed up depending on the drug

What is a spinal headache caused by?

leak in spinal column (lumbar puncture)

What could dizziness or lightheadedness be caused by?

an issue w/ the cerebellum

Grand Maul Seizure

worst kind of seizure unconscious/ jolting

Resting Tremors

tremors that are worst at rest

Essential / Intention Tremors

tremors while moving/doing something

What is the earliest and most sensitive indication of altered cerebral function?

change in level of consciousness

Olfactory CN function/assessment

controls sense of smell ask about altered taste/smell

Optic CN function/assessment

controls central and peripheral vision snellen chart, peripheral vision, etc

Oculomotor CN function/assessment

controls pupillary constriction PERRLA

Trochlear CN function/assessment

moves eyes down toward the end of the nose move finger towards nose and have pt follow

Trigeminal CN function/assessment

covers forehead, cheek, jaw test for sensation, test for strength by having pt open mouth

Abducens CN function/assessment

controls eye movement to the sides 6 cardinal fields of gaze

Facial CN function/assessment

controls facial movements and expression assess for facial symmetry / wrinkle forehead, close eyes, smile

Acoustic CN function/assessment

controls hearing finger rub/whisper

Glossopharyngeal and Vagus CN function/assessment

innervate the tongue and throat (pharynx and larynx) say "ahhhhh" and watch for soft palate to rise uvula should be midline may assess gag reflex

Spinal Accessory CN function/assessment

controls neck and shoulders movement test shoulder strength and turning of head

Hypoglossal CN function/assessment

innervates the tongue stick out tongue and move from side to side

Romberg Test

feet together, arms at side, eyes open/closed tests for balance

Decorticate Posturing

flexor arms like "Cs" moves in toward the "cord" problems with cervical spinal tract or cerebral hemisphere

Decerebrate Posturing

extensor arms like "Es" move out problems with midbrain or pons more fatal posture

Glasgow Coma Scale

3 - 15 points 3: in a coma 15: alert and oriented x4

transient ischemic accident (TIA)

mini stroke when cerebral blood vessels become occluded by thrombus or embolus, brain tissues become ischemic, resulting in CVA or stroke

hemorrhagic stroke

weak area in vessel in brain that ruptures when intracranial hemorrhage occurs, edema, distortion, and displacement irritates brain tissue can be caused by hypertension or cerebral aneurysm

Cerebral Aneurysm

weakened area in an artery that balloons out due to high pressure of blood

Pronator Drift

assesses arm strength hold arms out in front w/ palms up watch for an arm to drift down

Meningitis

inflammation of meninges that surround brain and spinal cord

Multiple Sclerosis

progressive demyelination of nerve fibers of brain and spinal cord

Encephalitis

inflammation of brain tissue and meninges caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites; viral encephalitis most common

Spinal Cord Injury above C4 leads to...

paralysis of respiratory muscles and all four extremities

Where does paralysis start with a spinal cord injury?

paralysis below the level of injury

Parkinson's Disease

develops slowly as brain's dopamine-producing neurons in substantial nigra of basal ganglia degenerate; second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease